Advertisement Is the Legalised Form of Telling Lies Essay

100% yes. Most advertisements and advertisers make totally false claims which is far from reality. And they call it creativity. It is nothing but lying and society has grown to accept it.If the strict definition of â€Å"cheating† is taken, as is commonly defined in most countries across the world, then most advertisers and the companies would have to be put behindbars for the offence.A great many of the statements that advertisers make are not literally true. Our chocolate is out of this world, it is so delightful that you will forget all your problems and feel like you have gone to heaven. In most countries, actually lying in an advertisement is illegal. The art of the sale is not in lying, but in manipulating the truth to make it sound like you actually need a product you don’t. There is a law against false advertising but people are hardly ever prosecuted for it because it is so easy to get around it. we are constantly being bombarded with advertisements that fill o ur minds with falsities throughout every day of our lives. Advertising is all glitter and little truth.

Ba Na Hill

Last year, I met a lot of trouble and suffer from stress because of hard working and studying. Therefore, I spent one day with my family to have a trip to Bana Hill and it has left many deep impression for me. After this trip, I Ba Na – Chua Mount Tourist Area is located in Hoa Vang District, 30km from the centre of Danang City so it took me about 1 hour to arrive at Dream Creek Station of Ba Na hills by car. Then, we bought tickets to ride by cable car which is the longest cable car in the world.A modern system of cable cars helps us get a bird's-eye view, very miraculous and attractive while enjoying a feeling of flying in the blue sky amidst the clouds and wind. Sitting on carbin cable suspended between the middle cloud, looking down at the vast mountains below, we saw many majestic forests and spectacular waterfalls,. After 15 minute, in front of my eyes, the French’s village was hidden in fogs. It was very ancient and splended with many old castle which is Frenchâ €™s architecture. I'm sure that anybody who has visited Ba Na can't forget this village.Arrive at Gare Ba Na, the first thing we noticed when approaching this gare were some villas perched on a hill top or hillside, behind thick pine forests and almost invisible on this foggy morning. Then,we walked to Fantasy Park which is so modern and attractive. I felt like here was Disney Land. There are funny games for children and thrilling ones for youth and older. At international indoor entertainment amusement Fantasy Park, there are 3 food and beverage areas served European, Asian foods, retail shop with many kinds of products. Next, we visited to one of the biggest temples of Ba Na hills which have a huge Buddha’s statue.In the alley, there was chirping birds, delicate flowery perfumes and many butterflies circled around. The courtyard of the temple is lined with stone. All tiredness seemed to disappear when we see the Buddha’s statue which stand out from and the tranqu il atmosphere of this temple. Visitor to Ba Na in summer can feel the climate of four seasons in one day. In the morning and afternoon, it is cool like the weather of spring and autumn. At noon, it is as sunny and cloudless as the weather of summer. And it is cold in the evening. The main attraction is exploring the forest paths and wandering among the ruined villas.In night, we enjoyed the cold air of Ba Na like winter. Then, we joined to camp-fire with other visitors, sang funny songs and danced together. End of the day, we returned to the hotel to sleep and prepare to leave Ba Na. The breathtaking sights from the top of the mountain make the viewers feel like there really is a different life as they enjoy the happiness of the things that are never known in a bustling urban lifestyle. No one can't deny that Ba Na hill is a masterpiece of nature and a pride of Da Nang city. So what a pity if I don't visit Ba Na to relax and enjoy the beauty of nature with my families.

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Globalization - Essay Example Globalization as a phenomenon requires the imposition of certain types of values and traits which are mostly Western in their orientation. Such outcome therefore results into the diminishing of the local values and thus gradually erodes the local culture and replaces it with more modern Westernize culture. Appiah’s arguments therefore of relatively more important considering the fact that the systematic overhaul of the different social values may further result into discernment for globalization rather than generating a widespread acceptance for it. The universalization of the values under globalization therefore can create significant resistance to the same despite the fact that globalization can actually result into the transfer of economic and technological benefits for the developing countries. (Jameson and Miyoshi). Appiah’s arguments therefore are more critical considering the fact that globalization may adversely affect the local cultures and superimpose other cu ltures on local cultures thus creating so called moral disagreement between developed and developing countries. This moral disagreement therefore can result into the clash of civilization and globalization as a whole may fail to provide the desired results. It is also critical to understand therefore that in order to make globalization a successful process and phenomenon, it is critical to understand that globalization must support or allow local cultures and civilizations to grow with the global culture also. The mismatch between the two may create the critical differences between the nations and cultures and thus forcing globalization to fail to provide the desired results to the less developing countries. Foer’s arguments however, offer a deep and practical aspect of how globalization actually failed to erode the local culture. Considering the example of soccer, Foer presents the argument that the local culture associated with the global game of soccer has not changed over the period of time despite the fact that global clubs such as Manchester United and Real Madrid are considered as global icons being followed across the globe. The critical difference between the arguments of both the authors therefore provides a rare glimpse of the possible and concrete differences between theory and practice. Appiah’s arguments are more theoretical in nature suggesting the normative aspects of globalization and how this may result into the overcoming of the local culture through universalization of culture. Foer on the other hand however, has offered a different opinion regarding the failure of the globalization to actually overcome the local culture in its real settings thus potentially failed to achieve its intended aims. Foer believed that the soccer and the culture associated with it is actually a deep impression of the generations of the individuals who carried forward the tradition from generation to generation. However, soccer is also considered as anti-American because it is perhaps the only non-American trend which is dominating the world and which has remained purged from the increasing power of America and its value systems. In fact Soccer is seen as a threat in America because of its resilience to maintain its local cultural orientation. Western values therefore have failed to dampen the real spirit of soccer despite the fact that the sport as a whole has become more commercialized over the period

Private Nursing Home Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Private Nursing Home - Case Study Example The nursing home derives most of the financial resources necessary for steady functioning from the funds received from the local authorities' budget (constitute around 90% of the resources structure), the rest is financed through the residents' payments. For the analysis P.E.S.T.E.L. framework has been deployed. The factors of the external environment are grouped into political, economic, social, technological, environmental (ecological) and legal. The major factors for each group are listed and the degree of influence of each particular group of factors assessed. As the issue of post-retirement personal care and medical treatment of the elderly citizens is of high importance for the developed society, unsurprisingly the political environment has been influencing the state and perspectives of both private nursing and residential care homes through the history of their development. These two types for a long time has been treated and regulated separately until in 2001 they were legally addressed with the same types of requirements and legal provision. The most obvious and important trend is the significant increase of the number and share of the private sector nursing homes and decline in the share of these type of services provided by the public sector and administrated by the NHS. Privatisation of the earlier dominated by the public sector services had also affected provision of medical and care services for the elderly residents. For the particular nursing care home this trend's consequences are two-folds. First, it means shift in attention of the regulatory bodies towards the specific conditions of the privately owned homes and development of more specified requirements and constraints for the funding, facilities, care and medical treatment level, stuff competency etc. It may also result in increased funding opportunities for the privately owned nursing homes. Second, the increased competitive pressure caused by increased number of privately owned service-providers, both with regard to the residents' demand and funding provision, can become a market threat for the nursing home. Economic factors The general state of economy, income level and distribution and lifestyle of the population, determined by savings and spending preferences through the life are the important determinant of the nursing home's environment. General state of the economy of the country influences not only directly the economic and financial state particular business, but also the conditions of the customer base and local authorities, thus causing indirect influence on the nursing home. One of the factors to be considered is the growing income of the population and increased amount of funds available for spending in the late period of life. The improved financial position of many older people means that some are making a positive choice over long-term care; housing circumstances throughout life can affect decisions about housing and care later in life. (Peace, 2003, p.9) Another economic issue that is of great importance for the privately-owned nursing home, taking into account its size and limited resources, is the

Skills Overview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Skills Overview - Essay Example Now, I am already oriented about how business and its environment works albeit I still have to learn about it compared before where I did not even have a clue how business makes money. I could say that I improved my cognitive skills because I now have a grasp about complex theories which I used to find very difficult before. Also, I used to struggle finishing to read a book but now I am already used to reading a whole book completely owing to my improved cognitive skills. Analytical/critical/judgement skills thinking skills I believe that the University stresses this more compared in high school. When I entered the university, I only have the skills taught to me back in high school and never questioned if these concepts were valid. In the university, the teachers always encourage us to think analytically/critically to anything that that we learn. We were even ask to challenge the theories that are being discussed and is always ask what we think about our lessons. In the process, I le arn how to evaluate the lessons taught and compare it with other things that I learned so that I can develop my own insight about it. I carried this mindset in other dimension of my life such as evaluating the things that I encounter. For example, I no longer take news as they are or the opinions of the celebrity which I used to readily believe. I now examine their authenticity by checking their facts and cross checking it with the opinions of the experts. This is an exercise that we always do in the university which is why it is now part of my system. Writing Skills In business and in almost all of our class, we are required to write in a scholarly manner and I have to admit that I still have a lot to learn despite my improvement since I got into the university. There are a lot of ways on how to present ideas and I must say that I am still in the process of learning how to write better. My personal Development Plan Learning never stops and we should always learn new things for us t o continue to grow especially in today’s fast changing world. In my line of chosen career which is business, there are skills that I bear in mind that I need to develop so that I could achieve my goal when I have graduated the university and formally start my chosen career. These skills are; Communication skills In business, it is necessary for us to communicate effectively be it to our superiors, peers, customers or outside agencies and it is usually done in writing. These communications are not only letters but presentations, reports; needless to say, I have to be good in expressing myself both orally and in written language. Business entails presentations and to talking to people so I have to be good in oral communication. But this is not sufficient, I also need to make reports and written communication so I really have to be good in business writing as well. My plan in improving my communication skills both orally and in written language is to constantly practice. Communi cation skills is no different from other skill based activities like sport or playing musical instrument, we have to practice to improve. With regard to communication skills, I do dry runs before making a presentation several times so that I would be more effective with my presentation. With regard to my writing skills, I am more systemic in my approach because writing is quite a challenge. I first do idea mapping, then make an

Critically analyse whether courts too readily intervene in the Research Paper

Critically analyse whether courts too readily intervene in the international commercial arbitration process, so that party autonomy is qualified - Research Paper Example that they want to settle their matter in way that is alternative to the courts, and, by agreeing to an arbitration clause, the parties have explicitly rejected the courts jurisdiction. This can occur for any number of reasons, including the unacceptability, unsuitability and the inappropriateness of the court. Whatever the reason, arbitration clauses make clear the parties intent, and this intent is to not litigate their dispute. 3 The arbitral tribunal has the responsibility in disposing of all matters that are subject to dispute.4 Therefore, court intervention in these matters is potentially problematic, and can even be said to be contrary to the parties intentions. Yet, courts routinely get involved in matters that are set to be resolved by arbitration. Although there are some advantages to court intervention, there are significant disadvantages as well. For one, court intervention introduces the complications that arbitration is designed to avoid – it makes arbitration expensive, lengthy, and less efficient. Arbitration challenges â€Å"result in parallel proceedings, create potentially lengthy appeals, and require parties to retain local counsel at the seat of arbitration.†5 Moreover, according to at least one commentator, court intervention is usually only seen when emotions are high,6 which means that court intervention would tend to have even more of a deleterious affect on arbitration proceedings. There are a variety of reasons why courts get involved, and the forms of court involved are also varied. At base, courts cannot be completely excluded from the arbitration process because they are required to enforce arbitration agreements and awards, and need to police and support the arbitration process with international standards.7 The power that the courts have in the arbitration process may be categorised as powers of assistance, powers of intervention, powers of supervision or control, and powers of recognition and enforcement.8 The courts

Innovation and Management of Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Innovation and Management of Change - Essay Example The innovation is a result of knowledge management, value chain management, customer partnership, distribution, finance, manufacturing and competitiveness. The innovation and changes it brings in the organizations can be analysed by a frame work and different models. These are useful in assessing the effectiveness of innovation and change. The structure, systems, style, skills, staff and shared values are the key elements in making any organization successful. This tells that the innovation and change also should be brought in these elements uniformly so that they effect each other's operations positively. This helps the managers to address and manage the difficulties posed by changes that are necessary for long term development of the company. In general the initiation of the innovation by leaders in the managers will lead to break the rules. The declaration of the future by the leader will involve a purpose for the company in the future. This involves the enterprise wide approach t o business process management and can remove the obstacles blocking execution of management intentions. This increases agility and focus on the activities of the business. When organizational structure defines the framework, there is less probability for innovation. The innovation and successful change is possible by it when work defines the organizational structure. The organizational defined such will be flexible, permeable and fluid. 1 2. Organisational Culture Today's business environment needs innovative techniques in the way they work. Identification of work place practices that respond to the challenges of innovation and change is necessary. In case of Fel Pro all the practices are concentrated on employee welfare and less on innovation. The organisational culture has driven the work and work did not drove the organisational culture in the organisation. Though the company is exemplary in taking care of employees, it lacked innovation in production, products, marketing. Innovation and change in positive direction will help the organisation to create better jobs and better business. Though in 1993 the company is in good position, after 10 years, the company is in a fix to hold its customers who are big manufacturers. Though it has minimum attrition rate of the employees, the company is facing the risk of loosing the market for its products. The reluctance of the management to globalise the company can be an example for innovation. The com pany is successful in using all the funds available to develop fixed assets that are not useful to innovate production like employee entertainment and recreation. Even the basic steps that help to create better jobs and better business results are absent. The company followed more conventional methods than the innovative changes. The high performance of the company is due to the discipline and perfection in a particular are of the production and that are has not been innovated in the course of time. The staff should intend to high performance that is innovative and changing according to the market needs and changes. The company has improved the benefits for the employees and employee relations with the management but did not forecast the decrease of the market for gaskets, for which it has mastered the production activities. Though

OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT (EXAM) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT (EXAM) - Essay Example Holding inventory can improve customer service while maintaining independence of the supply chain. The major disadvantage of holding inventory is that it is expensive. The average carrying cost of inventory across all manufacturing is 25-35% of its value. Higher carrying costs result in decreased profits for the firm. In other words, holding inventory is a non-value adding cost. Value of holding inventory is an opportunity cost for the firm where the money is stagnant and not invested. Above all, inventory deteriorates; it becomes obsolete, lost or stolen. Holding inventory increases the firm's risks. The EOQ model minimizes the sum of holding and ordering costs. The model assumes that there is only one product involved. The annual demand is assumed as even and constant throughout the year and the demand requirements are known. Lead time is assumed as fixed and non-varying where each order is received in a single delivery. EOQ further assumes no quantity discounts. c. The inventory control manager of a car factory issues orders for tyres which cost '48 each. He has estimated that stock holding costs about 25% per year while the administration costs about '150 for each order. Given that demand for tyres is reasonable steady throughout the year at 20,000 per month, estimate the EOQ for these tyres. Modelling approach to inventory has advantages in business such as being easy to understand and use, giving good guidelines for order size and easy to implement and automate. Models can find other values such as costs and cycle lengths, encourages stability and allows different circumstances/situations. Question 4 a. Discuss why the design of jobs is an important aspect of operations management. Job design describes the tasks, methods, responsibilities and environment used by individuals to do their work. It finds the best possible way of doing a job. The objectives of job design involves meeting the productivity, quality and other goals of the organisation as well as making the job safe, satisfying and rewarding for the individual. These objectives are extensions of the fundamental task of an operations manager who is responsible for all aspects of the organisation's products and the processes used to make them. Managing operations directly affects performance of an organisation; job design is one of the strategies that would improve performance. b. Chronologically, there has been a series of approaches to job design over the last 100 years. Select any two of the major approaches and discuss the important features of each approach, together with advantages and disadvantages. Job Rotation is an approach of job design where the job each person does is rotated in a certain period so that people do not get into a rut of doing the same specialised job all the time. The advantage of job rotation is that it can give people more varied work and a broader range of skills. The disadvantage of job rotation is that it only gives a temporary improvement as people soon feel they are being switched around a series of equally boring jobs. Job

Cluster Competencies and their Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cluster Competencies and their Behavior - Essay Example This, as the name suggests, is used to prioritize the work which was decided should be included in the above strategic orientation. This helps in further organizing the whole situation and focuses the attention of different subjects on the relevant topics so they can be compiled effectively and efficiently. This narrows down the task at hand even more. It basically looks at the results that wish to be achieved and then makes sure that the priorities have been set properly. This helps in maintaining a positive relationship with the task being designed and the overall result being achieved. This is the crux of cluster competency. It basically involves organization and maintaining a constant and positive flow of information in the form of updates on the project being performed with all the members involved in the job. This helps individuals adapt more easily to the situation and helps streamline all tasks so that more can be accomplished in less time. The work of a member acting as a leader is crucial. He is responsible for providing his team with direction and guidance so that they are not led astray and keep on track so that no energy is wasted in irrelevant work. This is vital to working as a group. ... Development Developing Self This competency in a person makes sure that he takes responsibility of himself and makes sure that he is responsible for his own self improvement. Developing Others This is vital to working as a group. Improving oneself while improving the performance of others while giving constructive criticism is going to help the group perform better and consequently improve performance. Developing Networks In the age of globalization, one task cannot be complete with just a normal group. This is why seeking and identifying any outside the group members within the organization will help in the fast processing of information like computer experts. Reasoning and management Critical Thinking This looks at the situation from a broader perspective to make sure that things are going according to plan. Problem solving A vital part in competencies is to manually identify by making a conscious effort and then find effective solutions for it. Decision making Once a problem has been identified, a decision should be made to effectively and efficiently solve it. This is vital to the whole situation otherwise there was no need for the other preceding parts. Communication Verbal Being clear in your conversations and eliminating any communication gaps is helpful before getting down to work. Written The need to make everything clear to others is vital because it doesn't matter how innovative someone is, if he cannot present his information in a proper and organized way in a report, he is useless for the team. Numerical Statistics need to be interpreted to make sure that the plan formed by the team is going to succeed or not. This can only be done by projecting numbers and interpreting information

Characteristics of Expressionism Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Characteristics of Expressionism - Term Paper Example The paper "Characteristics of Expressionism" investigates the main features of expressionism. The four paintings that evoke strong emotions and are representative of Expressionism have been chosen from Van Gogh, El Greco, Edvard Munch, and Picasso. Starry Night is one of Vincent Van Gogh’s famous paintings. Although much ado has been made about the stars and moon in this painting, the ominous black tree figure can also hold meaning. El Greco’s View of Toledo has been compared to Starry Night. While there are similarities, the ominous storm approaching the city in El Greco’s painting evokes a fear not found in Van Gogh’s painting. Pablo Picasso’s Guernica is a painting about the German bombing of the Basque town of Guernica. This collision of objects shows the chaos of war. Finally Edvard Munch’s The Scream shows a man with his hands on his cheeks and mouth wide open. This painting stirs up feelings of a primal loss of control ending in a wren ching scream. All of these paintings use different techniques to elicit emotions from the audience. Expressionism is a broad term. The Expressionism movement that produced Expressionism Art was founded in Germany and Austria in the early 20th century. Expressionism Art is any type of art that uses distorted means to express a feeling. While the movement started in the early 20th century, many other artists from the late 19th century were included due to their painting style. Vincent Van Gogh was one of these artists, despite having died before the 20th century.

The 3M Company Case Study Essay Example for Free

The 3M Company Case Study Essay Introduction The 3M Company is a $18 billion diversified technology company with leading positions in health care, safety, electronics, telecommunications, industrial, consumer and office, and other markets. Headquartered in St. Paul, Minnesota, 3M has operations in more than 60 countries, serving customers worldwide. 3M is one of the top 50 Fortune 500 companies and has been one of Fortune magazines ten most admired corporationsfor the last ten years. Since its founding in 1902, Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company has become one of the worlds most innovative and productive companies. 3Ms primary growth strategy is to sell more existing products into new markets and to introduce new products into new or existing markets.3M mission is to be the most innovative enterprise and the preferred supplier to customers. 3M vision is to sastisfy customers with superior quality, value, and service. A division of the 3M Company, 3M Health Information Systems, the largest and one of the fastest-growing of 3Ms seven major businesses, serves medical, dental, pharmaceutical, and personal care markets. 3M Health Information Systems is a leading provider of advanced software tools and services that help health care organizations capture, classify, and manage accurate health care data. With more than 20 years of industry experience, 3M Health Information Systems solutions help ensure the quality of data and the processes that drive an organizations ability to manage revenue, comply with regulations, improve the quality of patient care, and manage resources effectively. Read more: 3MÂ  Organizational Structure Through this paper, 4 main points will be discussed in order to identify the position of 3M strategy regarding its innovation management,especially in the health care division . First of all, lets identify the main issues of 3M affecting its innovation management. The second point will be to discuss the national system of innovation in health care.As a third point , three academical framework will be applied to 3M innovation management. Lastly , based on the findings get on analysis of the theories , some recommendations will be suggested to improve 3M innovation management. Section 1: select an organisation and outline the main problems which impact on the effective innovation management.In answering this part of the question you may, if appropriate, provide examples of recent innovation in product, services or process. In the field of innovation management , 3M is the leader. 3Ms corporate strategy shows anyway some internal and external concerns which impact the effective innovation management put in place at 3M. The first concern which come up is that 3M has established a corporate goal of generating 30% of sales from products introduced within the previous four years. In striving to attain this goal, the company spends 7 cents of every sales dollar on R D more than twice the average of U.S. manufacturing companies.It could be seen as too much concentration of innovations even if they are not necessary in the market. According to William Coyne, 2001 at 3M, in recognition that product life cycle are becoming shorter, the company has recently set up a new goal of 10 per cent of sales coming from product less than a year old. But as most business leader would acknowledge that developing genuianely new products is a high risk activity : industrial product have only a 50:50 chance of being succesfull, while consumer goods fare even worse , with a one ten chance of succeeding . In attempt to meet the 30% or 10% rule, the employees strive to introduce new innovations on the products, even if those innovations do not add any value to the customers whilst the company is heavily spending on RD. The second concern which was noted related to 3M innovation management. Gundling, E. (2000) argues that 3M declared victory too early .In fact 3M has a high publicity and reputation for innovation and this lead to over confidence resulting that every employee believe that they are all innovators .So there is noone to set the standards for innovation, against which innovation performance can be assessed. The troubles that afflicted 3M is the environment that encourages people to work around and defy their superiors and a determination to let the company follow where its scientists and customers lead.However , it is important for 3M employee not to fall into the trap of happy self deception or to be content with just incremental products.In fact , according to William Coyne (2001), the company top managers were very concerned that too much of the companys growth was coming from incremental improvement to existing products. The third drawbacks that 3M has is the fact that they produce overwhelming too many products than what overseas subsidiaries can manage to market . Ernest Gundling (2000) argues that subsidiaries employees are trying to serve the needs of numerous 3m divisions simultaneously , some employees are kept so busy dealing with US or regional headquaters that they lack the time to focus on their customers. As a result 3M is very big but acts small. Each of 3Ms 45 product divisions constitute a business in itself with its specific customer base, with its own general manager, marketing director, technical director, human resources director, manufacturing director, and national sales manager (Coyne, 1997). 3M is a highly decentralized company, but care is taken to decentralize to units that are large enough to be self-standing and, therefore, capable of funding their own RD. On the other hand, 3M attempts to prevent divisions from getting so large that individual innovations do not count. 3Ms strong belief in divisional autonomy is countervailed by the corporate requirements of a high level of innovativeness and interdivisional knowledge-sharing (Goold et al.,1994, p.203). Fourthly , according to Gundling, E. (2000),3M still unofficially practices lifetime employment. It is possible to get fired, but normally only for a serious ethical breach, gross imcompetence , lack of motivation, or negligence. When the company decided to reduce their workforce , the only concern they face is how to preserve the experience and sense of dedication that will ensure continued innovation in the company.In fact people laid off because of their performance or early retirement are well attracted by others firms to work and share the knowledge they acquire through 3M experience. Finally 3M face not only internal concerns as seen before but external environnement affect as well its innovation management. In fact according to Gundling, E. (2000), when a product has been approved for marketing, 3m still have to wait the review from the regulatory agencies in other countries.This could slow down the innovation process of the company for instance for the launch of the Aldara cream. Section B : Briefly indicate how the National System of Innovation influences the company s ability to manage innovation. According to Tidd, J. et al (2001), the national system of innovation in which a firm is embedded, strongly influences both the direction and the vigour of its own innovation activities. He identifies three national factors that influence the rate and direction of innovation, National market incentives and pressures; competencies in production and research; and institutions for corporate governance. The innovation policy whereby 3M scientists hold regular meetings with customers allows the company to utilise knowledge available on the market, for its innovation management. In relation to health care products, 3M is forced to keep innovating due to intense competition and regulation in the US. Competition does also promote innovation by providing opportunity for formation of alliances to share costs and risks in risky and costly projects. 3M enjoys national competencies in production and research through the availability of universities with which it has research links. US, as a nation also ranks high among nations with good innovation environment indicators. The nation has steadily increased its RD expenditure (as a percentage of GNP) from 0.99% to 1.60% between 1967 and 1998. Tidd, J. et al (2001) estimated that US per capita and per researcher RD expenditure was US $ 650 and US $ 169,650 respectively. RD Personnel ratio was estimated at 3,700 per million population. Tidd, J. et al (2001) posit that increased share of RD expenditure as a percentage of GDP for USA (as well as Germany and Japan) has been responsible for the growth of major firms in pharmaceuticals and telecommunication. USA has also good institutions that promote RD. These include, the National Institute of Health, which is a government funded body active in biotechnology RD . Section C: Select three analytical frameworks from the course as a means of evaluating the effectiveness of the organization s approach to innovation management. There is 3 theoritical framework that could applied to 3M innovation management concept . The first model that could be applied to 3M innovation management is the Knowledge creation Model . According to Professor Nonaka and Takeuchi, (1995), there is two types of knowledge :Tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge .Through this dynamic interaction between the two types of knowledge, personal knowledge becomes organizational knowledge. And the organizational knowledge or intellectual infrastructure of an organization encourages its individual members to develop new knowledge through new experiences. This dynamic process is the key to organizational knowledge creation. This interaction between the two types of knowledge brings about what we call four modes of knowledge conversion that is, socialization (from individual tacit knowledge to group tacit knowledge), externalization (from tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge), combination (from separate explicit knowledge to systemic explicit knowledge), and internalization (from explicit knowledge to tacit knowledge). Socialization is a process of creating common tacit knowledge through shared experiences. For socialization, we need to build a field of interaction, where individuals share experiences and space at the same time, thereby creating common unarticulated beliefs or embodied skills. In the case of 3M , personal tacit knowledge which 3M requires through their recruitment process to only take knowledgeable employees and that tacit knowledge will be transferred through team working , for instance the division managers nust know each staffers first name(Mitchell,1991). Externalization is a process among individuals within a group. During such face-to-face communication people share beliefs and learn how to better articulate their thinking, though instantaneous feedback and the simultaneous exchange of ideas. This mode is triggered by a dialog. In fact when an employee come up with a product idea, he or she recruits an action team to develop it(Mitchell,1991). Combination is a process of assembling new and existing explicit knowledge into a systemic knowledge, such as a set of specifications for a prototype of a new product. Often, a newly created concept should be combined with existing knowledge to materialize it into something tangible. For instance according to Gundling, E. (2000), 3Ms Technical Forum is a means for all technical people share technologies, practices, policies, and procedures. Exchange of technical personnel knowledge to different divisions, or other countries where 3M has operations, is common. Internalization is a process of embodying explicit knowledge into tacit, operational knowledge such as know-how. This mode is triggered by learning by doing or using. Explicit knowledge documented into text, sound, or video formats facilitates the internalization process. Therefore, manuals, a quintessential example of explicit knowledge, are widely used for internalization. That has been done in 2002 when 3M published the book which is a compilation of 3M voices, memories, facts and experiences from the companys first years : The innovation century , the 3M story. The second model that could be applied to 3m innovation management is the culture-innovation model The innovative culture of 3M has been the driving force for the companys continuous innovation and growth into a major world-wide, large-scale manufacturer. Applying the theory developed by Teece, we assessed that 3M has developed complementary assets, in terms of research ability residing in individual knowledge and technical expertise held by 3M scientists. Furthermore, this culture has helped the company develop dynamic capabilities by analysing and anticipating future customer needs (opportunities) and translating these opportunities into product novelty, by combining various complementary assets in a competitive, hardly inimitable way. 3M is a company whose culture has led to thousands of new products every year for decades, probably the premiere company in bringing new products to market. 3Ms development process is dramatically different from most, yet it is highly successful at new product development. Innovative new products from 3M because of a well-thought-out set of mechanisms which support emergent activity. 3Ms corporate strategies explicitly promote an innovative spirit. These strategies include: 30% if sales must result from products less than 4 years old; technical people can spend 15% of their time on projects of their own choosing; every division has access to technologies developed anywhere in the company and has the responsibility to share the technological needs of its customers throughout the company. 3Ms corporate culture is very supportive of risk taking, teamwork, innovation, and entrepreneurship. Failure is viewed as a learning experience; employee relations are informal and on a first-name basis; the technological base is diversified and technological exchange is encouraged throughout the company; and 3M maintains a strong commitment to develop customer-driven products. These principles have all been followed at 3M for decades. The specific human resource (HR) strategy helps 3M foster innovation, retain research talent and reduce the employee turnover by giving scientists personal research time, rewarding innovation and adopting a constructive approach towards product failures. As shown in the case, the specific HR policy along with the innovative culture has been the milestones in the development and the success of the company over several decades of operation. By providing the framework for innovation, 3M allows the innovation process to be controlled almost entirely by the individual scientists, who are encouraged to think outside the square and develop new products within the specifications required by the market. The third framework that will apply 3M innovation management will be the organic structure. The organic structure is more flexible, more adaptable to a participative form of management, and less concerned with a clearly defined structure. The organic organization is open to the environment in order to capitalize upon new opportunities. Organic organizations have a flat structure with only one or two levels of management. Flat organizations emphasize a decentralized approach to management that encourage high employee involvement in decisions. In 3M, this translates into a structure where most employees network into at least five levels: department, division, group, sector and company. For purposes of innovation, the key level is the division. Each of the companys 40-some divisions develops, manufactures and sells its own products, and each has a structure appropriate to its market. Most divisions include functional departments division labs, manufacturing, marketing, sales, logistics and so forth as well as cross-functional teams. 3Ms resulting formal structure may look like a bureaucracys analytical hierarchy on an organization chart. But, in fact, the structure acts less like a bureaucratic prison than a platform, from which employees are expected to learn and serve customers. For instance, like the units in a living thing, the departments in any division have semi-permeable boundaries. Sales people arent trained only in sales. They learn about their divisions technology so they can describe products to customers. Moreover, theyre expected to work with people in the marketing and research departments of their divisions and to network across the company. Similarly, technical and manufacturing people regularly visit customers manufacturing facilities to learn about their operations. As a result, they sometimes see possible uses of 3M products those customers havent thought of. As an example, about 15 years ago, technical people were visiting an auto manufacturers factory and learned that the rivets they used to hold side molding to doors were rusting. So the technical people went back to the lab and developed an acrylic foam tape that replaced the rivets and solved the problem. Additionally, 3M has a flexible organisational structure, with a dual ladder approach, allowing employees with technical background to advance in their career without having to switch to management. Furthermore, we assessed that the dual ladder reveals a matrix internal corporate organisational structure allowing the firm to react promptly to market opportunities and assemble quickly multi-disciplinary teams of employees. This internal organisational structure is not visible from the outside and it is not easy to be copied by competitors, due to the high complexity of the relationships that establish within this matrix (span of command and delegation of authority). Section D: Based on your analysis in section C explain how the organization could improve the management of innovation: Based on the findings in the third question 3M has managed to innovate continuously and create a large pool of products (over 30,000 products), achieving continuous profitable growth over time. So suggesting new recommendations for the improvement of 3M innovation management is a difficult approach but any company even 3M has some limitation so few suggestions will be recommendable : As explained in the third question, the lack of a system to guide product developers who are seeking to create breakthroughs is a problem even for a company like 3M, long known for its success with innovation. The innovation culture the company has nurtured and the continuous investments in research and development (RD) over several decades has helped 3M get deep roots in several competencies for instance in applied technology for health care. But willing to create although very new products and services may be essential to future growth and profit, companies must first survive to get to the future. That necessity tends to focus companies strongly on making incremental improvements in order to keep sales up and current customers and Wall Street analysts happy. Second, developers simply dont know how to achieve breakthroughs, because there is usually no effective system in place to guide and support their efforts. Employees knows only that 30% of sales must come from products that had not existed four years earlier. So even if the product could have a life cycle more than four years , 3M reduce it in order to comply to the rule. For the Medical-Surgical Markets Division to secure future growth it would be advisable that the division maintain a balance between incremental and revolutionary innovation. As well as promoting more the activities like marketing or branding for the product created in the health care division because the cost of investment put in place for the creation of thoses products will be only recovered if the product stays in the market longer than 3M would. By shortering the product life cycle , it increases the RD expenditure. Even the most effective innovating firms such as 3M may create organizational bureaucracy that slows down innovation. The most successful innovators know that just spending more on RD is not enough; neither is anticipating customer needs. 3M employs a strategy of high decentralization and autonomy for its divisions, or units. In reality 3M also does not follow the traditional approach to organizational design. 3M consistently achieves its goal of having 15 percent of its revenue come from new products by providing managers with the latitude to move from one business unit or laboratory to another without bureaucratic obstruction. It is during the knowledge creation process that Project groups, operating with few constraints from the formal organization, come together to accomplish a task and disband when their work is completed. One of my recommendation regarding the 3M structure is to merge RD with Sales and Marketing, subsequently creating a number of small cross-departmental innovation teams. Realignment of goals and business planning would be crucial during this phase and reappointment according to respective areas of expertise must be communicated positively, offering alternative thoughtfully designed posts, linking salary to performance. Linkage between these teams must be fabricated carefully. By creating this as an independant workforce they will be delegating responsibility , flexibility.They will be able to access fast, good communication will be involve to share the available information. This approach will enable the company to retain all the insight and move on quickly to the next step on a real time basis. . By allowing RD , Sales and Marketing to mix and to participate in decision-making, their suggestions could have changed the outcome by allowing them to respond in a timely manner and adjust their strategies to fit their consumers. It is also recommended to start with small grouping of activities because it is reducing risk and remain tight control and maintain that organic structure put in place within 3M. Finally creating independent small units that can rapidly respond to customers needs or changes in the business environment. The supervisor tends to have a more personal relationship with his or her employees in order to motivate them to succed in their object ives. Summary : 3M, which obtains 30% of sales from new products within four years, offers an example of how a culture of innovation can take root and become integral to the continuing success of a company after nearly a century. Even if 3M is the model of innovation management for other companies, it has some limitations in its proper culture, structure and HRM policy which lead 3M to make some improvements that enable them to excell in their competitive advantage.The national system of innovation is the foundation of their actual direction. After analysing the three theoritical frameworks , there is no doubt that 3M innovation management provide the effectiveness at all level. Total Word Count: 3108 Section A: 569 Section B: 283 Section C: 1321 Section D: 935 Reference: 3M Company, 2002, A Century Of Innovation, 3M Company, USA 3M Company Annual Report, 2003 3M Company, USA Achtmeyer, W.F. (2002), 3M Corporation, Centre for Global Leadership, available on http://mba.tuch.dartmouth.edu Boxal, P. and Purcel, J., (2003), Strategy and Human Resource Management, PalgraveMacMillan, New York. Cobbenhagen, J. (2000), Successful Innovation: Towards a new theory for the management of small and medium-sized entreprises, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, UK Cohen, W., Nelson, R. and Walsh, J. (2002), Links and Impacts: The influence of public research on industrial RD, Management Science, Vol. 48, pp 1-23 Frohman (1980) in Cobbenhagen, J. (2000), Successful Innovation: Towards a new theory for management of small and medium sized entrprises, Edward Edgar Publishing Ltd, UK). Goold, Campbell and Alexander (1994), Corporate Level Strategy: Creating value in the multi-business company, John Wiley and Sons, New York Gundling, E. (2000), The 3M-way to innovation: Balancing people and profit, Kodansha, London Larkins, R.J., (2000), Government research program briefing, available on http://www.fas.org/man/congress/2000/000510-larkins_may_10.htm Lorentzen, A. (2003), Knowledge and knowledge bases in the learning process of Polish companies, Aalborg University, available on http://www.druid.dk/conferences/summer 2003 Minnesota Statutes, 2003, Ch 116J. 885, available on http://www.state.mn.us/stats/116J/ Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), The knowledge-Creating Company, Oxford Press, New York. Porter, M.E. 1998, Competitive Advantage: Creating and sustenance of superior performance, Free Press, New York Mitchell Russel,(1991), Masters of innovation : How 3M keeps its new product coming Terziovski, M. Samson, D and Glassop, L. (2001), Creating Corporate Competence through management of organisational innovation, Research paper, available on http://www.fsed.org/research/projects , 2001. Thomas Swan, Top twenty innovators: The mothers of inventions, available on http://www.thomas_swan.co.uk (2004) Thomhe, S. and Von Hippel, E. (2002),Harvard Business Review, April,pp74-81 Tidd, J., Bessant, J. and Pavitt, K. (2002), Managing Innovation: Integrating Technological, Market and Organisational Change (2nd edn), John Wiley Sons Inc, USA Von Hippel, E., Thomhe, S. and Sonnach, M. (1999), Breakthroughs to order at 3M, Sloan School of Management, available on http://web.mit.edu/evhippel

The Origins and beliefs of Shia and Sunni Islam Essay Example for Free

The Origins and beliefs of Shia and Sunni Islam Essay During the first 30 years after the Prophets death Muslims were governed by four khalifahs who were outstanding men chosen by the community for their closeness to the Prophet and their good characters. They were unselfish, tolerant, and well versed in the Quran, and they had been the Prophets dearest friends. They had learned from him all his ways and attitudes. These first four khalifahs were known as the Rashidun or rightly-guided or orthodox. The word khalifah means successor. Instead of living like princes, they lived very simple lives as the Prophet had done, in close touch with the people. They were renowned for their ragged and torn clothing, and their refusal to take any luxuries for themselves. Khalifahs were the most important people in the Muslim state, but were horrified if anyone started to think of them as kings they were simply servants. Only God was King. The first khalifah was Abu Bakr, who ruled from 632-4 CE. Before he died he elected Umar to be the next khalifah. Ali and his supporters thought this was wrong, but refused to bear a grudge. Umar ruled from 634-44 CE, after being stabbed (by Firuz, a Persian slave) six times in the back whilst he was praying. Uthman was the next khalifah to be elected, after Ali had refused the position. He was a kind and gentle man, but tended to elect many friends and relatives to key positions. When he was 80 many Muslims, particularly the supporters of Ali, thought that he should abdicate, but he refused to do so. Soon afterwards, while Uthman was at prayer, he was killed by a group of angered Egyptians. He had ruled from 644-56 CE. Finally, 24 years after the Prophets death, the khalifate passed to Ali. He ruled from 656-61 CE. He was famous for his extreme piety and faithful transmission of the Prophets sayings. His supporters thought of him as the Conscience of Islam. Alis appointment as khalifah was opposed by Uthmans cousin Muawiya, who was supported by the Prophets surviving wife, Aishah. Muawiya and Aishah demanded avenge for the murder of Uthman, but Ali didnt grant this. There was a battle, the Battle of Siffin, where Muawiya and Ali agreed on peace, but somehow Ali had been tricked and Muawiya was announced as khalifah. A group of Muslims, the Kharijites, were so outraged by the incident decided to end the impurity by killing them both. Some people felt right from the beginning that Ali should have been the Prophets successor. They were not content to see power going into the hands of the old chief family of Makkah which had so recently persecuted them and had always been jealous of the power of the Prophet. They claimed that the Prophet had always trained Ali to take over. Ali deputized for the Prophet in his lifetime and was the father of the Prophets grandsons. They claimed that those who had elected Abu Bakr insisted he was the Prophets choice, and was the senior male Muslim leader. However, the supporters of Ali still felt the khalifate should have stayed in the line of the Prophet and Khadijah, and now that Fatimah and Ali were dead, they insisted the next leader should be Alis son Hasan. Muawiya would not agree, and in the end Hasan came to an understanding that the khalifate would revert to his family only after Muawiyas death. However, when Hasan died (some claim he was poisoned) Muawiya made his own son Yazid the heir. Those who supported the Prophets descendants became known as the Shiat Ali or Party of Ali. They are now called Shiites. They refused to accept the first three khalifahs and claimed Ali was really the first, followed by the Prophets grandsons Hasan and Husayn. Shia Muslims believe that leadership (the position of khalifah) should be exclusive to the family of the Prophet. Sunnah is the Arabic word for custom or authority, and Sunni Muslims regard themselves as the true followers of the Sunnah or Way of the Prophet. They insist that the Prophet had intended elections so that the best man would succeed, and not to start a family line of rulers, like Kings. Sunnis are the major branches of Islam. About 90 percent of Muslims are Sunni. They base their standards of their faith on the Quran plus the Hadiths of the Prophet and the laws based upon them. They believe that leadership should be decided by a democratic election based on a majority vote. The Shiites, on the other hand, are a smaller group around 10 percent of modern Muslims but with a tendency to devotion that borders on fanaticism. The number of Shiite Muslims is increasing as people in many developing countries are reacting against the decadence of the modern world. Shiism is the state religion of Iran, and is rapidly increasing in strength in Pakistan, Iraq, India, the Yemen and the Lebanon. A summary of the principal teachings and aims of the Ayatollah Khomeini Islam to Ayatollah Khomeini is the noble warriors religion. It is of those who seek justice and righteousness, demand independence and liberty, and struggle to prevent the unbeliever as well as the tyrant from exercising power over the Muslim. He believes Islam is not just a code which governs the moral conduct of an individual, but also a set of rules and regulations which provide for every need and all requirements. He considers the introduction of the modern education, the adoption of constitutional parliamentary systems of government, and the promotion of Westernised criminal codes as nothing but deliberate means to undermine Islam, by encouraging the faithful to abandon their religion. Khomeini calls on the Muslims to emulate the example of the Prophet and the first three Imams. He demands their transformation into holy warriors to save Islam from the dangers confronting the religion. He encourages his students, as the new soldiers, to believe that theirs is a total system and to reject the notion that there is a similarity between Islam and Christianity. Khomeini thinks that Muhammad, and Imam Ali, were preachers, rulers, and administrators. He believes in succession, and also in the necessity of appointing a successor to the Prophet. The successor must be a preacher and a jurist, and must ensure the obedience of the community to the Quran. To conclude, Khomeini states that there must be a state based on Muslim legal philosophy. The aspects of Western life religion, in general, and Islam, in particular, should resist or reform. In the modern world one cannot do all the things which are demanded by ancient religions. Islam is a prime example of this. How can a law laid down fourteen centuries ago in the Middle East meet all the complex demands and pressures of modern technological civilization? Muslims dont think of it like this, no Muslim can accept the idea of a society without God. Muslims must submit to God, and that means they must not choose which of the revealed laws they will or will not keep. How can they judge which laws are more important than others? Only God knows the full reasoning behind them. The Muslim rules of behavior are split up into five categories. Firstly fard, or wajib, which are things which must be done. Secondly mandub, or mustahab, which are recommended actions. Thirdly mubah, which are actions to be decided by conscience. Next is makruh, which are disapproved actions. Finally haram, which are things never to be done. Most of modern life falls in the mubah section. Whatever is not actually forbidden is permitted, under the guidance of your conscience. If an action is harmful to yourself or anyone else, it cannot be recommended by a Muslim. If qiyas (principles worked out by analogy) and ijtihad (exercise of individuals opinion) are used properly, it remains always possible to offer fresh thinking on past decisions. Also it is possible to keep pace with the ever-changing world. Modernist Muslims feel that this is vital, and that the reason for the past stagnation of Islam was the over-emphasizing of and clinging to the decisions of the madhab imams of the five classical schools, and the neglecting of todays great scholars and thinkers. Other reformers are known as fundamentalists because they seek to keep nothing but the original teachings and reject all modern interpretations as innovations (bida). There are many Muslim laws which need to be resisted or reformed. Some of these are based on a Muslims manners, for there is a great emphasis on showing consideration to others. The laws say that Muslims must pay close attention to cleanliness. They are expected not to be even the slightest bit dirty at any times. Before and after sexual intercourse they are expected to wash. With the amount of washing it is said is needed, it would be very hard to do anything but wash in the modern day, with pollution. This therefore needs to be changed. There laws about table manners are fine, and most are the same as used all over the world. The way in which Muslim women dress is in a very modest way, thus many traditional costumes are not acceptable for they are to revealing. It is in fact a good idea for it stops Muslim women from flirting with, or attracting, men. This stops the chances of adultery. Passions, if not under control, can cause endless hurt and disturbance. Muslim men are expected to be modest too, and always to be clean and smart. Muslims have many food laws. In these there are listed some unlawful foods which are forbidden, these are called haram. These are any products made from a pig. Meat containing blood. Meat from an animal which dies of itself due to disease or other natural causes. Any flesh-eating animal. Any animal which has been strangled, beaten to death, killed by a fall, gored by another animal, or partially eaten by another animal. Or finally any animal sacrificed to idols. These laws greatly affect the Muslims ability to mix socially with non-Muslim neighbours, since nearly all meat in the West has been killed by electrocution or firing a bolt into an animals brain, and is therefore forbidden to Muslims. They should not buy meat from a market unless it is known to be halal (this is the Muslim word for meat which they can lawfully eat). Many Muslim children do not eat school dinners because of their food restrictions. Another of the Muslims problems is schooling. There are four main areas which these problems fall into. Immodest dress, especially in PE lessons; not separating boys and girls after the age of ten; sexual instruction in the classroom; and religious instruction that is either Christian or Jewish (i.e. Bible based) or Islam presented in an incorrect manner. There are several things which Muslims consider to be wrong with these. It is because of the lack of schools which provide the rules and facilities needed for Muslims, that many Muslim schools have been started. One of the major difficulties for a Muslim is there ability to find time to pray. Some employers are not sympathetic if workers want to break off for a few moments to pray. Often there is no private place for them to go, or facilities to wash with first. This makes life very hard for Muslims, and I therefore believe the laws about praying should be slightly more lenient. Overall one can see that Muslims confront many clashes between their laws and the way of the western civilization. For them to get on more easily in the modern world they must reform or resist some of their strict laws and traditions.

Music in the 20th Century

Music in the 20th Century The 20th century is described as the period from 1900-1999, however, there is an inconsistency with the dates allocated to this period of music (20th century music). Most people believe the dates to be 1900-1940. This is because when people refer to 20th century music, they are referring to 20th century â€Å"classical† music (as opposed to jazz, rock, pop etc.).This period (1900-1940) is when the main works of the era were composed. There were many countries involved in the development of this era. Countries such as Germany and Russia (influenced neoclassicism) and France (influenced impressionism). Other areas, such as Argentina, Brazil and Latin America produced some important composers. Prominent composers in this era include; Igor Stravinsky, Claude Debussy, George Gershwin, Bela Bartok and Arnold Schoenberg. Although music from the 20th century is vastly different from previous eras, the composers were still influenced by elements of the past. They used a combination these elements and the other elements introduced in this era to create their own sound. There are five basic categories to describe the musical elements of 20th century music. These are melody, rhythm, harmony, texture and timbre/instrumentation. The melodies were wide-ranging, contained wide-leaps (much less vocal-centric), and were unbalanced and unpredictable. There was much less emphasis put on the melody and this meant the rhythms became more important. This is different from the previous eras except for the fact that the Baroque and Romantic eras also had hard-to-remember melodies. The rhythms in 20th century music became more complex. There were frequent tempo changes and the music used polyrhythms and other exciting and different rhythmic techniques. These polyrhythms can be seen in Charles Ives’ music. As men tioned before, there was more emphasis on rhythm in this era compared to the previous eras. The rhythms were also quite unpredictable. Other than that, these elements are quite similar to the romantic era and quite different to the classical era (steady tempo etc.). There were a few new harmonic techniques introduced in this era. These include the fourth chord (notes a fourth apart), the polychord (two chords played at the same time) and tone clusters. With regards to key, there was an increase in atonal (no home key) and polytonal (more than one home key) music and also the introduction of the 12-tone technique. There was an uncontrolled emphasis on dissonance and dissonant chords, similar to the romantic era, except dissonance in the 20th century was used way more frequently. This created a constant clashing sound/feel in the music that was almost unheard of in the classical and Baroque eras. The texture of this era was polyphonic and contrapuntal as opposed to homophonic. There w as more of an emphasis on increasing tonal range and on percussion and wind instruments as opposed to string instruments as seen in the previous eras. Their role was changed to that of a more percussive one, as seen in Stravinsky’s Rite of Spring. Electronic instruments were also sometimes used. This era was a time of revolt and change. Like any other period it is a change as a reaction to the previous ideas of the previous eras. At first these styles were not received well (causing riots at concerts), but eventually, people got used to the unconventional style of this era. It is quite different to the periods before it. The developments in this era include: more electronic instruments being used and developments in compositional techniques that completely disregarded previous rules or systems (while sometimes using elements for the previous eras). This can be seen in the development of the harmonic techniques. It was basically a time where each composer could experiment and create their own style and sound (e.g use of whole-tone and pentatonic scales). This was because they did not have to follow existing rules set out for them, like in the baroque and classical periods. Impressionism, as the name suggests, focuses on the impression of an idea that a piece of music evokes rather than having a clear description. This creates a soft, subtle, almost dream-like effect. The music has a colourful texture and uses unusual scales such as the whole-tone scale. It was influenced by the impressionist movement in France, which was an artistic movement. Many of the composers were influenced by the nature of the paintings themselves. Some say this movement was a reaction to late romanticism. Composers within the genre preferred to use short genres and forms such as preludes, nocturnes and arabesques. A prominent composer in this style is French composer, Claude Debussy. You can clearly see elements of impressionism in his composition, Clair De Lune from Suite Bergamasque. The piece has an overall dream-like effect and Debussy experiments with non-functional harmony. Even though it opens and closes with the tonic chord of D flat major, the root key throughout the p iece is unclear. There is a presence of dissonance and the rhythms are relatively complex. As mentioned before there is a use of unconventional harmony. Expressionism is extremely emotionally driven. It acts as reaction to the composer’s subconscious mind.† It was influenced/started by Van Gogh’s paintings. The music is not meant to be â€Å"pretty† or â€Å"pleasing to the ear .This is why some say it is a reaction to this positive characteristic of Impressionism. The music is very expressive, similar to the romantic period, so there are contrasts in dynamics and tempo. The melodies are also unbalanced with wide–leaps and complex rhythms. There is still a presence of dissonance and tonality has also basically been terminated. Some genres within this style include orchestral pieces and dramas such as operas, melodramas and one- act dramas. This was probably a popular genre because dramas are sure to evoke the strong emotion the music suggests. A prominent composer in this genre is Austrian composer, Arnold Schoenberg. He influenced the development of atonality and 12-tone technique. Many elements of expressionism can be seen in his composition, Erwotung Op.17 (1909). This composition is a score for his one-act drama, Erwotung. The music of the orchestra perfectly reflects the strong emotions of the main character (when she finds her dead lover) and the depressing story line, which supposedly has elements of dirty realism. This composition has no overall musical, rhythmic, melodic and harmonic structure (it is through-composed). It is atonal, as most expressionist music is, and it is still quite expressive. Neoclassicism is more â€Å"structural† than impressionism and expressionism. It is more balanced and places more emphasis on emotional restriction. This was influenced by the elements of the classical period and that is why it is called Neoclassicism. It was a reaction to the emotionally driven romanticism and expressionism periods. Germany and France were involved with the development of this style because of the composers it produced. Even though there was more structure, there were still elements of 20th music, such as complex/exciting rhythmic aspects. Similar to the classical period, genres within this style include symphonies, operas, chamber music, concerto grosso, fugue etc. A prominent composer within this style is Igor Stravinsky. He is a Russian composer who converted to this style after the 1920s. It is said that his opera, The Rake’s Progress, was the composition that concluded his Neoclassicism. This opera was set in the 18th century; therefore it gave wa y for classical elements in the music to be displayed. It is a 3-act opera that is based on the legend of Faust. Stravinsky uses counterpoint in this opera which indicates a contrapuntal texture. As with most of Stravinsky’s works, the rhythms relatively energetic and there is a melodic and harmonic diversity. The 20th century was a time of change and experimentation and 20th century music reflects that. The many styles and techniques that have developed from this one era and the non-existent limits that were put into place for composers reflects just how less structured the music was compared to the previous eras of music. (1314 words) REFERENCE PAGE An Analysis of Clair De Lune from Suite Bergamasque.Thomas Stones Blog. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Sept. 2014. . All about Romantic Music and Its Features.All about Romantic Music and Its Features. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Aug. 2014. . BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 27 Aug. 2014. . Comparison between Romantic, Impressionist and Early 20th Century Music.Inkling. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Aug. 2014. Erwartung, Monodrama in 1 Act, Op. 17 Arnold Schoenberg | Details, Parts / Movements and Recordings | AllMusic.AllMusic. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Sept. 2014. . . GMK notes: grade 11 and 9(SA and FR) â€Å"Igor Stravinsky.Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 09 Mar. 2014. Web. 04 Sept. 2014. Impressionist Music.Princeton University. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Aug. 2014. . Leeuw, Ton De, and Rokus De. Groot.Music of the Twentieth Century: A Study of Its Elements and Structure. Amsterdam: Amsterdam UP, 2005. Print. Music Listening 20th Century.Flashcards. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Aug. 2014. . The Different isms of Music.About. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Aug. 2014. The Rakes Progress. Simple English Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Sept. 2014. . Three Musicians.Three Musicians. N.p., n.d. Web. 27Aug. 2014. . Music in the 20th Century Music in the 20th Century The 20th century music started around the time of 1900 – 1960. The simplest way to describe the 20th century is: the period of fundamental change. Different styles were popular in different areas. This type of music was very common in European countries, places like Germany and France were very involved in the creation of the era as well as composers in America. This era was a different era to any that had gone before, all music characteristics that were once part of the romantic era were completely contrasted to create the 20th century music which is emotionless yet evokes emotion. There were many famous composers during the 20th century such as Claude Debussy (1862 – 1918), a French composer; and Maurice Ravel (1875 – 1937) – they were known as the two â€Å"great† impressionist. As well as them was Igor Stravinsky (1882 – 1971) he composed neoclassical pieces. George Gershwin (1898 1937) an American composer incorporated jazz blues into h is pieces. These are just a few composers who tried to compose music which was out of the ordinary. During the transformation from Romantic era to 20th Century a lot of things changes. Suddenly some elements were more important than others. Where in Romantic era tonality was not as important it became more important in the 20th Century. Form was once important, especially in baroque, but in the 20th century it became less important. Rhythms however became an important part of 20th century music they were very different to the rhythms of the previous periods. Harmonies became more complex and new. The texture was predominantly the same but in some 20th century styles the texture would change often. George Gershwin, an American composer, was one of the composers that used new scales and harmonies in his pieces. He implemented jazz blues into his piece â€Å"Rhapsody in Blue†. The characteristics of the 20th Century music was new to everyone that lived in that time. Tone colour changed from having to blend to not blending at all and the use of percussion instruments increased. Melodies and harmonies too were no longer as they were. Chords were being used differently melodies were becoming unpredictable. There was less emphasis on the differentiation between consonant and dissonant harmonies. Composers started using the twelve-tone system a lot more often as well. In pieces such as Assez Lent by Maurice Ravel, you can clearly hear the change between the dissonant and consonant parts of the piece as well as the constant change in dynamic and the use of chromatic notes. Impressionistic music was mainly composed in the European area. The aim of this music was not to express emotion or to tell a story but rather to create atmosphere and allow listeners to create their own interpretations. This music style included many dissonant chords and an extensive use of whole-tone scales. Other characteristics such as differences in dynamics, continuous change in texture and frequent modulation was also used in this style. Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel are the most well-known impressionist composers in the 20th century. A well-known composition composed by Ravel was The Pavane of the Dead Princess. The piece gained much interest through the image the title portrayed, it was suggestive â€Å"who is the dead princess?† the title is even more impressionistic as the piece is not about a dance for a dead princess but rather a young princess dancing to a pavane. Ravel’s opinion on the piece changed as he felt it was not original enough, that the ABACA form was too weak. Expressionisms is a style that originated in Germany. Its main feature was to create emotional within the listener. Expressionists attempted to create emotion through creating music that was different to what had been composed in previously. The lack of tonality and sharp melodies definitely created emotions within the listeners as it was completely different to anything that had been written in the romantic era. A well-known composer of this style is Arnold Schoenberg, creator of the twelve-tone system. Pierrot Lunaire, is a common composition of Schoenberg’s. You can tell that it is an expressionism piece through the use of twelve-tone notes, irregular rhythms and constant time signature changes. Neoclassicism is a music style that was predominant during the two world wars. It is a style in which the music contains characteristics and elements from musical styles of previous eras, most commonly classical. Some of these elements include balance form and lack of emotion. Although the music has imitations of the classical and baroque era, it still includes the new harmonisations and progressions found in the 20th century music. Neoclassicism was seen as a style going against the styles of the romantic period, it was not considered to be a protest or movement but rather it became popular for musicians to compose in this style. One of the most common composers of neoclassicism was Igor Stravinsky. He composed one of the first neoclassical pieces was The Rite of Spring. The public at the time rioted about the new style as it was completely different to everything they had heard before, the lack of harmonisation and dissonant sounds was displeasing and in that way evoked emotion alt hough negative at that. The 20th Century period was by far the most productive era. Everything that occurred in the 20th century changed to idea of music completely. What once was just strict harmonies and beautiful melodies could now be atonal and have no real structure. Even the sound of an audience could be considered music. This drastic change in music ideology has and will affect the way music is produced in today’s time. References Unknown: (ppt) 20th Century â€Å"ism† Dr Melanie Foster, 2009: Analysis of The Rite of Spring http://igorsrite.blogspot.com/2009/06/analysis-of-rite-of-spring.html Three Musicians. 2014. Three Musicians. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.tarleton.edu/Faculty/boucher/Fundamentals20thCentury.htm. Music History and Analysis. Atlantic International University: bachelor, master, doctoral degree. 2014. Music History and Analysis. Atlantic International University: bachelor, master, doctoral degree. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.aiu.edu/publications/student/english/131-179/Music-History-and-Analysis.html Neoclassicism (music) Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2014. Neoclassicism (music) Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_Musicoldid=134035187 BBC GCSE Bitesize: Expressionism. 2014. BBC GCSE Bitesize: Expressionism. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/music/music_20th_century/schoenberg1 Impressionism. 2014. Impressionism. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.academic.muohio.edu/mus189/impressionism/ Maurice Ravel The Elegant Impressionist. 2014. Maurice Ravel The Elegant Impressionist. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.favorite-classical-composers.com/maurice-ravel.html. Program Notes Title. 2014. Program Notes Title. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.barbwired.com/barbweb/programs/ravel_pavane.html.

Light in August by William Faulkner Essay -- Light August william Faul

Light in August by William Faulkner Light in August, a novel written by the well-known author, William Faulkner, can definitely be interpreted in many ways. However, one fairly obvious prospective is through a religious standpoint. It is difficult, nearly impossible, to construe Light in August without noting the Christian parallels. Faulkner gives us proof that a Christian symbolic interpretation is valid. Certain facts of these parallels are inescapable and there are many guideposts to this idea. For instance, there is Joe Christmas, one of the main characters in the novel. His initials are J.C., which can be an acronym for the name Jesus Christ. There is the fact of his uncertain paternity and his appearance at the orphanage on Christmas day, as well. Joe is approximately thirty-three years of age at his lynching; This event is prepared for throughout Light in August by Faulkner’s constant use of the word crucifixion. Also, there are many more convincing Christian symbolisms that seem to have lead readers to believe that William Faulkner arranged his events and directed his themes to parallel the twenty-one chapters of the St. John Gospel. These religious symbols, however, stray from the text of Light in August and seek to unify the novel through biblical allusions alone. They attempt to answer the questions of how Light in August functions as a work of literature by avoiding the novel itself. Because of this, they each fall short of being an exact interpretation of the novel. Still, the Christian parallels cannot be ignored and must function for some firm purpose in this novel. If Light in August has enough surfaces corresponding to warrant the claim of a direct parallel in both theme and action to the Gospel of John, then where is the crucifix, the most important symbol of Christianity? This significant tool should be in a book with such religious relevance. The important symbol was not left out, however; they were only distorted to a degree. Faulkner may have been giving a clue to the way in which he distorted the crucifix. For example, wood imagery is relevant in this case. There are several wood mills: Doane’s Mill, and then the planing mill in Jefferson. Lena asks Byron Bunch, â€Å"Is there another planing mill?† Byron replies, â€Å"No, ma’am. There are some sawmills, a right smart of them, though†. Faulkner may have been alerting his audie... ...not been a part of Christmas’ â€Å"wooden world†, now rides with a furniture repairman. Typically, Lena’s narration does not call attention to poles or posts of any kind. It is only after Christmas is dead that Lena notices the cross-like images. This would seem to suggest not only that she is perhaps a Virgin Mary figure carrying a Christ figure inside her, but also that she herself is the resurrect â€Å"life† after Christ’s (Christmas’) crucifixion. It seems highly possible in a novel that distorts the Crucifix that the process of Christ’s death and resurrection could also be distorted. Ironically, however, Lena exists at the same time with Christmas, but never meets him because within the context of the New Testament, resurrection comes only after death. In turn, Lena and Christmas never meet because it would be illogical for the Virgin Mary figure to meet her baby while she is carrying her baby. All of these characters’ narrations, which can appear incoherent, are, connected through the distorted image of the wooden cross. The posts and other symbols link Christmas and the Testaments together. Light in August functions as a fluid novel though structured distortion of the Gospels. Light in August by William Faulkner Essay -- Light August william Faul Light in August by William Faulkner Light in August, a novel written by the well-known author, William Faulkner, can definitely be interpreted in many ways. However, one fairly obvious prospective is through a religious standpoint. It is difficult, nearly impossible, to construe Light in August without noting the Christian parallels. Faulkner gives us proof that a Christian symbolic interpretation is valid. Certain facts of these parallels are inescapable and there are many guideposts to this idea. For instance, there is Joe Christmas, one of the main characters in the novel. His initials are J.C., which can be an acronym for the name Jesus Christ. There is the fact of his uncertain paternity and his appearance at the orphanage on Christmas day, as well. Joe is approximately thirty-three years of age at his lynching; This event is prepared for throughout Light in August by Faulkner’s constant use of the word crucifixion. Also, there are many more convincing Christian symbolisms that seem to have lead readers to believe that William Faulkner arranged his events and directed his themes to parallel the twenty-one chapters of the St. John Gospel. These religious symbols, however, stray from the text of Light in August and seek to unify the novel through biblical allusions alone. They attempt to answer the questions of how Light in August functions as a work of literature by avoiding the novel itself. Because of this, they each fall short of being an exact interpretation of the novel. Still, the Christian parallels cannot be ignored and must function for some firm purpose in this novel. If Light in August has enough surfaces corresponding to warrant the claim of a direct parallel in both theme and action to the Gospel of John, then where is the crucifix, the most important symbol of Christianity? This significant tool should be in a book with such religious relevance. The important symbol was not left out, however; they were only distorted to a degree. Faulkner may have been giving a clue to the way in which he distorted the crucifix. For example, wood imagery is relevant in this case. There are several wood mills: Doane’s Mill, and then the planing mill in Jefferson. Lena asks Byron Bunch, â€Å"Is there another planing mill?† Byron replies, â€Å"No, ma’am. There are some sawmills, a right smart of them, though†. Faulkner may have been alerting his audie... ...not been a part of Christmas’ â€Å"wooden world†, now rides with a furniture repairman. Typically, Lena’s narration does not call attention to poles or posts of any kind. It is only after Christmas is dead that Lena notices the cross-like images. This would seem to suggest not only that she is perhaps a Virgin Mary figure carrying a Christ figure inside her, but also that she herself is the resurrect â€Å"life† after Christ’s (Christmas’) crucifixion. It seems highly possible in a novel that distorts the Crucifix that the process of Christ’s death and resurrection could also be distorted. Ironically, however, Lena exists at the same time with Christmas, but never meets him because within the context of the New Testament, resurrection comes only after death. In turn, Lena and Christmas never meet because it would be illogical for the Virgin Mary figure to meet her baby while she is carrying her baby. All of these characters’ narrations, which can appear incoherent, are, connected through the distorted image of the wooden cross. The posts and other symbols link Christmas and the Testaments together. Light in August functions as a fluid novel though structured distortion of the Gospels.

Inclusive Education Essay example -- Education

What is inclusive education? Inclusive education is concerned with the education and accommodation of ALL children in society, regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, or linguistic deficits. Inclusion should also include children from disadvantaged groups, of all races and cultures as well as the gifted and the disabled (UNESCO, 2003). Inclusion tries to reduce exclusion within the education system by tackling, responding to and meeting the different needs of all learners (Booth, 1996). It involves changing the education system so that it can accommodate the unique styles and way of learning of each learner and ensure that there is quality education for all through the use of proper resources, suitable curricula, appropriate teaching strategies and partnerships within the community (UNESCO, 1994). Inclusion will not happen instantaneously but requires careful planning and thinking, positive attitudes and behaviour and utilising the necessary specialised support, accommodations and adaptations to ensu re all children become part of the school (Burstein, Sears, Wilcoxen, Cabello & Spagna, 2004), actively participate in the education system and later become fully contributing members of society (Department of Education, 2001). Inclusive education is about ensuring that schools can meet the needs of all learners. It is thus the responsibility of an inclusive school to embrace the diversity and special needs of all its learners, (Flem, Moen & Gudmundsdottir, 2004) identify and minimise the barriers to learning (Department of Education, 2001) and create a tolerant and respectful atmosphere in which people are valued and stigmatisation is minimised (Carrington & Robinson, 2004). All children thus need to be given the su... ...eps: Stories on Inclusion in Early Childhood Education. Received from the World Wide Web on 20th July 2005. Web Address: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001102/110238eo.pdf UNESCO. (2001). Including the Excluded: Meeting Diversity in Education. Received from the World Wide Web on 20th July 2005. Web Address: http://dit-fs1.hq.int.unesco.org/ulis/docs/0012/001226/122613eo.pdf Van Kraayenoord, C. (2003). "The Task of Professional Development." In International Journal of Disability, Development and Education 50 (4): 363 - 365 Wong, A. I. P, Pearson, V & Kuen Lo, E. M. (2004). "Competing philosophies in the classroom: a challenge to Hong Kong teachers."

Ashlee Simpson :: essays research papers

Ashlee Simpson The name of the performer was Ashlee Simpson. The date of the concert was on Saturday January. 8th, 2005. This concert took place at The Mall of America. This was Ashlee’s first concert in Minnesota and her first time at The Mall of America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The setting was a small stage set up at a big open area in the mall. It was a circular area. Also there were three floors you could see the stage from. This concert was not a concert that you had to buy tickets for. You could just come to The Mall of America and see Ashlee perform. So it was on a first come first serve basis. If you did not get there early enough you wouldnt get a spot to see the stage. The whole time you were there you had to stand. There were no assigned seats. So if you are not very tall, you better hope that you get a front row spot, or else you wont be able to see a thing. So with a lot of people standing around you there is a lot of people who try and get in front of you, and there is a lot of pushing and shoving. So it got a little fusturating and crowded at times. So I would defiently not recommend this kind of setting for a concert. It is just to much of a hassle with all the people around. It is much easier when you have your own seat, t hat you know is yours and no one is going to take it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There was no program for this concert. I have been to numerous concerts like the Backstreet Boys, Britney Spears, and the Dixie Chicks and there has never been a program for the concert. Probley because there is to many people to give programs out too. When you don’t have a program, you never know what song is going to be performed next or if there is going to be a break between songs. It really doesn’t matter to me that there was not a program, because I already knew all of Ashlee’s songs from her album and I liked them all. So I knew that whatever song she performed would be great. Ashlee’s style of music is a mixture of punk rock and pop music. She has such a unique style, that its hard to distinguish what style of music she sings.

Muriel’s wedding critical analysis Essay

In Muriel’s wedding, the perception of comedian has soon arrived into a melodrama derived by P.J Hogan, as the film covers the low self-esteem Muriel in breaking through the bondages around her family and friends, trespassing from suburban to civilisation. Muriel begins the film as an overweight loser from Queensland, a woman trapped by a dysfunctional family, an apathetic neighbourhood, and a clique of beautiful â€Å"best friends.† The movie opens with a shot of a beautiful friend’s wedding, where one of the clique members is shown having an affair with the groom. The movie moves that fast: credits, wedding, affair. Before the scandalous couple have time to emerge from their private room the ugly misfit Muriel is taken into custody by the police. Apparently, she never paid for her leopard-print dress. (3) Hogan establishes his characters rather quickly. The evil clique is made up of Barbie look-alikes who criticize Muriel for not wearing frosted lipstick. Murie l is clumsy, overweight and â€Å"useless,† hopelessly ostracized from the inner circle by her unemployment and consequent failure to follow fashion. â€Å"I’ve got a job,† Muriel tells them, referring to a cosmetics sales position offered by her father’s mistress. â€Å"It’s not your clothes,† the friends retort, it’s you.† Crushed, Muriel steals money from her parents and buys a holiday at the same resort where the clique is staying. Once there she meets up with a friend from high school (Rachel Griffiths) whose noble character is symbolized by her short black hair and indifference toward fashion. The two women celebrate their independence from the neurosis of Porpoise Spit by running away to Sydney, where they get jobs, meet men, and have the time of their lives. â€Å"When I was living in Porpoise Spit I used to sit in my room all day and listen to Abba songs,† Muriel says. â€Å"Since I’ve come to Sydney, I haven’t listened to Abba at all.† Muriel’s Wedding uses the songs of the Swedish supergroup as a clever link to the thoughts and feelings of Muriel, a young Australian woman obsessed with becoming married as soon as possible. Muriel lives with her go-nowhere family in the town of Porpoise Spit, where she spends most of her time in her room, listening to ABBA when her father isn’t giving her grief. The point of this movie is very simple: in order to escape from insecurity and stagnant immobility one must rebel against the conventions held by beautiful people, cut one’s hair, buy a new wardrobe, and forge a new life on one’s own. If theft and dishonesty are the only ways that these ends can by achieved, so much the better. Another point of symbolisation in this case can be compared by the use of location VS Muriel’s self esteem. Read Also:  Critical Analysis Essay Topics Viewers can compare Muriel’s self esteem from the beginning as she stays in Porpoise Spit a so call suburbia or small town where she’s in search of a higher self esteem where here Sydney takes place. Although her ultimate utopia is still the wedding, however once met, she would kindly realize that life is far more beyond. (1)(6) Sadly to say that throughout the whole film, none of the scenes appear natural, instead, they look like Hogan has manipulated the gray shades of everyday experience in order to come up with a cast of characters that are either too black, too white, too good, or too obviously evil. Although Muriel’s Wedding does an excellent job of conveying the attitudes and economic realities of small Australian towns, it fails to capture the subtle interludes of conversation that make characters seem like real people. For example, the character of Muriel’s mother (Jeanie Drynan) is not developed at all. She is shown once standing in her kitchen, lost in a zombie-like trance, and then again in a restaurant, oblivious to the presence of her husband’s mistress. It is not until Muriel ignores her at her own wedding and Muriel’s father moves in with his mistress that we see this woman come to life, and then she kills herself. (6) Muriel’s father is another stock character, as is her celebrity immigrant husband. Hogan may as well have used cardboard cut outs to play their roles, writing â€Å"philandering politician† on one and â€Å"Olympic diver† on the other. Their lives do not figure into the plot of the movie; what matters is what they can do for Muriel. In the end they each contribute about ten grand. Muriel’s Wedding is an entertaining film after all with a bit of an identity crisis: it doesn’t know if it wants to be a comedy or a drama. The filmmakers perpetually toy with the viewers, dragging them from high comedy to melodramatic tragedy in a heartbeat, and more than once. This problem arises whenever the camera is not on Muriel, who really owns this picture completely. Whenever the plastic su pporting cast is the main focus, the film falls flat. A tacked-on, bittersweet ending doesn’t help, either. Reference 1.)http://www.sensesofcinema.com/contents/00/9/symposium.html#2 2.)http://ourworld.cs.com/_ht_a/amanandamouse/abbanaticfolder/murielsweddingfolder/murielswedding.html 3.)http://us.imdb.com/Title?0110598 4.)http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/4657/film/muriel.htm 5.)http://movie-reviews.colossus.net/movies/m/muriels.html 6.)http://www.eng.umu.se/vw2000/Emma/Muriel’sWedding.htm

Social Evils of India

India, the place of origin of civilization, is now beset with a round of social reprehensibles. They atomic number 18 so many that one shudders to think of them. There retain been social reformers like Raja compact Mohan Ray, Maharishi Daya Nand and Swarni Shradhanand. They fought against social satanics but these evils were so established that try as they did some of them stay put to this day. We may first take the define of wo hands. Women do non revere a social position equal to that of men. The administration does tout ensembleow them equal status with men but it is all on paper.In entrust they do not enjoy this equality. They are still treated as lacking(p) to men. In villages which practically constitute cardinal percent of the population, women are treated as second class citizens. Although they have been granted the right of voting, yet in drill they are still under the riffle of their men. They are mostly illiterate. In cities, however, they enjoy better status. We have teachers, professors doctors, lawyers, ministers and high officials and it is judge that with their education they would rise still high.Of course, it is a small fraction of women but with the give out of education it is expected that their condition would alter and they would work shoulder to shoulder with men. other great evil is the dowry system. A man with a number of daughters is a cursed creature. Whatever he has is prone away in marriages and he becomes a pauper. The dowry system has done a great harm to the social gain of Indian life. A man with a number of daughters has to sell his property or borrow money at a high rate of interest so that he might give a dowry to his daughter.In case he fails to do so his daughter has to encounter taunts and torture to such an extent that the poor fillefriend is forced to end her life. Everyday we hear of the burning of young brides because of this harassment from their in laws or husbands. The sooner this socia l evil is removed, the better it will be for all concerned. Another great evil which is the whammy of Indian life is child marriage. coupling is a sacred institution and the persons expiry in for matrimony should be of mature age and not that either the girl is get hitched with to an old men or she is unite at an age when she does not understand what arriage is. We hear of this social evil prevalent in Rajasthan where girls are married off at an age when they do not understand what marriage is. just about of them become widows before they know that they had been married off. A total war against these and a few other evils like tipsiness and smoking is of utmost necessity. There is mandate against these evils but they can be in effect checked only if the people influence to check them.