President Clinton

As of late, President Clinton marked into law the National Missile Defense Act of 1999. What is a national rocket guard (NMD)? A NMD is in principle a mechanical shield that could devastate every single approaching rocket (Cirincione and Von Hippel 1). A NMD would probably utilize ground-based rockets that would capture and decimate approaching intercontinental ballistic rockets (ICBM). ICBMs are rockets that are fit for hitting targets a great many miles from their dispatch site. The National Missile Defense Act calls for building up a rocket guard framework that could shield the United States from an assault by a bunch of atomic furnished ballistic rockets (Ballistic Missile Defenses). It is imperative to understand the proposed NMD would not be intended to secure against a full scale atomic assault including many rockets. President Clinton is required to settle on a choice on whether to send a NMD as ahead of schedule as June of 2000. Is a NMD something beneficial for the ! US? I accept the United States ought not create and convey a NMD framework. The numerous advocates of a NMD, for example, President Clinton, Congress, and different military authorities have conceived various reasons why a NMD is required. As per Michael Krepon, the leader of the Henry L. Stimson Center, atomic dangers have become progressively diffuse and all the more alarming since the virus war is more than (31). The United States is not, at this point just compromised by Russia; it additionally must be worried over rising rebel states, for example, North Korea, Iraq, Iran, and Syria. Is a NMD actually a compelling countermeasure to these new dangers? As of now, there is no rebel state long range rocket threat...it is impossible that one will develop in the following decade (Mendelsohn 30). In an announcement composed for the House National Security Committee, Richard Cooper, Chairman of the National Intelligence Council, expressed that in t...

Business Innovation Through Open Data †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Business Innovation Through Open Data? Answer: Presentation This examination program has been directed on the point Business Innovation through Open Data. Open information is generally utilized by organizations for improving the exhibition of the business. Expanding utilization of open information in the business condition has changed the way where business utilizes information. The proficiency of business gets improved with the utilization of open information. This exploration will talk about the idea of open information for creating information in regards to this idea. It will likewise talk about the utilization of open information by business for upgrading its exhibition. Undertaking objective Undertaking objective has been chosen for managing the endeavors of the examination program the correct way. This examination program has been executed with a thought process to break down the job of open information, build up a comprehension of open information and its commitment to improving the exhibition of the business. Business is utilizing open information for making changes and embracing the progressions occurring in the business condition Task scope The extension characterizes the viewpoints which will be shrouded in this exploration venture for building up a superior comprehension of these angles. This venture will cover the conversation with respect to the idea of open information and expanding utilization of open information by business. The conversation will be made perusing the open information shaping a base for business advancement. Organizations are utilizing open information as it has contributed towards the development of the business. Writing survey As per McKinsey Company (2013), Open information can be clarified as the information which is unreservedly accessible to everybody and can be utilized for improving the exhibition. There is no limitation on the utilization or utilization of the open information accessible for the utilization of people in general. Open information is being advanced in this unique business condition to advance straightforwardness. Open information has offered help to the business activities by giving important data to the business. The effect of open information can be found in the development of the business just as upgrade in the proficiency level of the business. Open information has made an effect on the economy, society, and execution of the business. Open information has given an open source, open substance and open access to the business which has helped in increasing better and more profound information and settling on choices in a decentralized way. The effect of open information can be seen o n support, advancement, self-strengthening, straightforwardness and majority rule control, improved items or improvement of new items and better dynamic (Lakomaa Kallberg, 2013). Open information has been made accessible free and with no limitations for advancing straightforwardness, productivity, and advancement. Sharing of the information has decreased the wastage of assets by maintaining a strategic distance from duplication of endeavors and assets. Utilization of open information by the business has brought about giving new chances to the business. Estimation of the data has expanded because of open information and it very well may be used by the business for executing developments. Various organizations are utilizing open information with a thought process to create imaginative items for the satisfaction of the holes distinguished in the market, producing better outcomes and increment the benefits (Zuiderwijk Janssen, 2014). Open information is being utilized by the organizations with a thought process to pick up the upside of the holes recognized in the market. These holes help in recognizable proof of the open doors accessible in the market and result in creative items or administrations delivered by the business. Most significant parts of open information are its free accessibility for all (Shadbolt, et. al., 2012). For instance, OpenCorporates is the greatest open database of organization data of the world. It has consolidated the information of in excess of 98 million organizations in various wards. Detail of each corporate element can be recovered from the open information of OpenCorporates (Jee, 2016). In the expressions of Juell-Skielse, et. al. (2014), unique parts of the business condition are utilizing open information for getting developments the items or administrations or in the way business is working. These various segments incorporate training segment, business and lawful administrations, food and horticulture, social insurance, administration, vitality, fund and venture, transportation and lodging and land. With the improvement in the open information accessible has helped in giving better chances to the business. Open information has shaped a base for the development, improvement, and advancement in the various economies of the world. Business needs data identified with the clients, contenders, business condition, various components present in the outer condition of the business, providers, and society. Open information has empowered the business to pick up data identified with every one of these viewpoints for upgrading the presentation by embracing an advancement. Ope n information has upgraded the ease of use of the information for the business (Jetzek, et. al., 2014). For instance, FoodTrade which is an online stage utilized for bringing in excess of 1600 nearby food makers with the end goal of the guide down the flexibly chain and improve straightforwardness with the clients in the food area. Food Standards Agency information has been utilized by FoodTrade for guaranteeing that the menus are following the guidelines. This has gone about as a development in the part (Jee, 2016). As per The World Bank (2014), utilization of open information has upgraded the development pace of various ventures and acquiring advancement the organizations working in the various businesses. Utilization of open information has contributed towards the potential financial worth, giving advantage to the clients of the business, improves the open doors accessible to the business, upgrades the exactness of the data and brings development. Organizations are utilizing government open information and utilization of this administration open information helps in recognizable proof of the chances and dangers. Open information has expanded the effectiveness level and decrease in the cost which has gone about as a development procedure getting advancement the business. For instance, UPS has utilized open information for choosing courses for the drivers of the organization. Open information has gone about as a determined power for the advancement and creation in the business. Different focal p oints of utilizing open information to business incorporate improving the notoriety of the business, arriving at clients in a successful way, redoing the items or administrations according to the requirements or desires for the clients and better dynamic (Gayler, 2012). Various perspectives have been introduced by various creators on the utilization of open information. The administration of various nations is giving open information to the organizations to energize advancements in the business. Information is a significant component for business which shapes their exhibition and odds of development and achievement. Advancements occur from the holes present in the market. Data should be assembled identified with the market for dissecting the purposes for the hole (Omidyar, 2014). These reasons upgrade the odds of developments in the business. New thoughts are made for meeting the desires for the clients which brings forth development. Various sorts of advancements occur because of the free accessibility of data. Then again, open information has made an unfavorable effect on the secrecy of the business. It has likewise influenced the notoriety of the business in a negative way. A few dangers can be looked by the business as their private information can be seen by others and use by others for their advantage (Castro Korte, 2015). According to the report of Deloitte (2012), another beginning is offered by open information as financial change and improved efficiency. The accessibility of wide information free with no limitation brings about utilize and reuse of the data for executing changes in the business. Nature of the items or administrations can be expanded with the utilization of data accessible. Open information has made various components of the economy in a positive way. It has advanced exchange, improved work level, decrease in defilement exercises, advancing the development of private area, upgrade in the speculation, monetary guidelines and financial development. Despite what might be expected, there are barely any complexities accessible to the open information advancements which can unfavorably influence the business (Asia News Monitor, 2014). These complexities incorporate changing perspectives, for example, lawful condition, innovation, and pattern. Business must be fit for utilizing the open in formation accessible in a compelling way for advancements. The idea of open information can make damage to the privacy of the business which can bring about budgetary misfortune or influence the notoriety of the business. Utilization of the open information can't be anticipated by anybody as the utilization relies upon the way where individual or business utilizes the data (ENPNewswire, 2014). Research programs are directed by the organizations for gathering information identified with the market or the necessities and prerequisites of the clients. This need of business is met by open information which is accessible to business and upgrades the presentation of the business. Open information has diminished the endeavors of business for directing examination for the investigation of the pattern of the market and assortment of data identified with the contenders. Advancement is a significant part of business which improves the way business is working just as upgrades the client base of the business. Advancements and improvement in the current methodologies are the targets of the business which can be effectively accomplished with the assistance of open information (Janssen Zuiderwijk, 2014). Organizations working at global level require information identified with the worldwide market they are working in. This need of the business is satisfied with the assistance of open info rmation. It has reinforced the abilities of the business. For instance, Spend Network is offering types of assistance of information examination f

Social studies education & digital source materials Research Paper

Social examinations training and computerized source materials - Research Paper Example This assists with adding to research and assessment in the field of social examinations and innovation. Advanced sources expand the learning experience past the customary learning experience. This is on the grounds that innovation acquaints understudies with exercises in which aptitudes and substance are shown all the more definitively (Savage, Armstrong, and Potthoff, 2000). So as to accomplish this, teachers need to comprehend and ensure that they react to the necessities of their understudies. Educators would then be able to configuration learning encounters that will provoke their understudies to cause educated associations and this will thusly to grow their insight (White, 2000). Educators can concoct an assortment of ways that may incorporate computerized sources to convey a given idea. This is on the grounds that the understanding capacities of their understudies vary. So as to make learning progressively important, they need to address the issues of each understudy that may expect them to go past the customary learning methods (Levstik and Tyson, 2008). One manner by which innovation can be applied in the social examinations educational plan is by utilizing advanced sources like the ones found at the Virginia Center for Digital History. At the middle, they have built up a progression of advanced history ventures (Ross, 2006). The fundamental point being to grow exclusive expectation quality, appropriately examined and solid history material for the site all inclusive and convey them to the overall population, schools and authentic social orders among different foundations. The computerized document can likewise be discovered online through the Virginia Center for Digital History (Savage, Armstrong, and Potthoff, 2000). Understudies from everywhere throughout the world would then be able to get to the essential data that is promptly accessible on the web and use it to comprehend the significance of individuals and occasions that happened previously. This is on the grounds that the site furnishes understudies with crude information av ailable to them that can be controlled and deciphered. Establishments can likewise utilize these

Qatari and Bahraini conflicts over Hawar Islands in ICJ (international Term Paper

Qatari and Bahraini clashes over Hawar Islands in ICJ (universal courtroom) - Term Paper Example In spite of their vicinity to Qatar, the islands have a place with Bahrain. In actuality, these islands were the subject of a question among Bahrain and Qatar. Official cases on Hawar Islands by the two nations began in 1935. This happened after oil had been found in Bahrain ten years sooner. An outfitted clash at that point followed in August 1937. In year 1939, the British Resident in Manama proclaimed that the island of Hawar had a place with Bahrain. Qatar, nonetheless, proceeded with claims on the islands in the year 1960. The Emir of Qatar condemned the 1939 understanding and attempted to buy the islands. Inevitably, the Qatari cost watches restricted the fishers from Bahrain to enter the waters encompassing Hawar Islands. Bahrain, on its part, replied with maritime moves and was blamed by Qatar for disregarding its regional waters. On twenty 6th day of April 1986, the soldiers from Qatari caught 29 Bahraini laborers, who were in any case later discharged. Because of these occu rrences, Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Cooperation Council endeavored to intercede between the two gatherings. Therefore, Bahrain asserted the Zubara territory, which had recently had a place with the Khalifa family, leader of Bahrain, and Qatar guaranteed the Hawar islands. In any case, Bahrain took a more tightly hold when its oil stocks began to lessen. On 17 April 1992, Qatar pronounced new regional water fringes stretching out more than 12 miles, and guaranteed a 22-mile territory wherein it could apply sway. Bahrain quickly disputed these fringes and applied the case to the International Court of Justice (ICJ, The World Court) in The Hague. There were unpredictable lawful issues associated with this debate. It incorporates the authenticity of the 1939 pilgrim time choice. It likewise took insight of guidelines with respect to regional trustworthiness versus genuine intensity of region. In this contest, Qatar based its case to the islands on its fundamental worry of title and on th e guideline of nearness and regional solidarity. They guarantee that the islands all exist in 12 nautical mile of the Qatari coast, and most exist in a three nautical mile limit. Accordingly, they reason that islands are a fundamental piece of the shoreline of Qatar. Then again, Bahrain put together its case with respect to a 1939 British choice conceding them to Bahrain. It guaranteed that it had practiced power over the Hawar islands for more than two centuries. They claimed that Qatar never practiced any contending power. Notwithstanding refering to evidences and realities of Bahraini relations with the islands as the years progressed, it all the more significantly depended on the choice given by the British of eleventh of July, 1939 giving the islands to Bahrain. To give light on the said choice, it occurred after Qatar charged Bahrain of unlawfully involving the islands in 1937. Both the different sides mentioned to the British to settle the issue and the last decided for Bahra in. Bahrain demanded that such added up to a mediation grant. In this manner, Bahrain kept up that since 1939, it had in fact kept up nonstop occupation and practiced power on the islands. Actually, Qatar dismissed the 1939 choice since it was finished by the pioneer power without Qatari quiet submission. Qatar has set out in clear and compact terms the premise of its case of sway over the Hawar islands. Qatar depends upon the way that most of the islands and islets establishing the Hawar islands lie completely or somewhat inside a three-mile regional ocean limit from Qatar’s territory, which was a breaking point perceived by Qatar and Great

Usefulness of Capital Investment Techniques - 550 Words

Usefulness of Capital Investment Techniques (Other (Not Listed) Sample) Content: Usefulness of Capital Investment Techniques Name Institution Memorandum From: To: Subject: Usefulness of Capital Investment Techniques Capital Investment Appraisal techniques are used to evaluate the financial feasibility of capital investment projects. The techniques are broadly classified into two categories namely; Non Discounted Cash flow techniques and Discounted Cash flow techniques (Khan Jain, 2007). Discounted cash flow methods incorporate the concept of time value of money in their operation. The Time value of money principle posits that cash flows into the future have less value as compared to current cash flows. Discounted cash flow methods therefore restate future cash flows to their current values at a predetermined discounting rate and thereafter use these discounted cash flows in appraising the financial viability of a project. Non Discounted cash flows methods do not involve the use of the Discounting principle. This Memorandum covers the various capital investment techniques by discussing their advantages and limitations. The Memorandum also addresses a case analysis of Southern Power and Light whi ch is considering two projects. The common discounted cash flows techniques are; the Net Present Value (NPV) and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) ( HYPERLINK "/search?tbo=ptbm=bksq=inauthor:%22Uwe+G%C3%B6tze%22" GÃÆ' ¶tze, Northcott Schuster, (2015). The Net Present Value method determines the present value of a projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s future cash flows. The Initial investment and other present value costs are then subtracted from the present value of the future cash inflows. The residual value is called the NPV. If the NPV is a positive value, the project is accepted whereas if it is a negative value the project is rejected. This method presents the following advantages; it recognizes the time value of money by incorporating the discounting principle, it gives a clear decision criterion of when to accept or reject a project, and it incorporates risk in capital budgeting by using a discounting rate. The method has a major limitation in comparing projects of dissimilar sizes. The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is the rate that equates the Net Present Value of a project or an investment to zero. The IRR decision criteria recommends that if a projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s IRR is greater than the Required rate of return (discounting rate) then such a project should be accepted whereas if a projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s IRR is less than the required rate of return the project should be rejected. The IRR shares similar advantages with the NPV in the sense that it incorporates risk and recognizes the time value of money through the discounting principle. However the IRR has one major flaw in its assumption that the projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s future cash inflows are reinvested back in the project at its own IRR. This is not usually the case because the discounting rate is determined by the market conditions. Secondly in cases of nonlinear cash flows there is the possibility of multiple IRRs which can be hard to analyze. The common non discounted capital investment appraisal techniques include the Payback method and the unadjusted rate of return. The payback method calculates the period it takes for the project to repay its investment. This method has an advantage in the sense that it prefers a project with higher cash flows at the beginning thereby recognizing the risk in future cash flows. The method has a limitation in the sense that it does not use the discounting principle. The unadjusted rate of return also called Accounting Rate of Return divides the average income with the average investment. This method is easy to comprehend especially by accountants. However it suffers the limitations inherent in the calculation of accounting profits which include numerous assumptions (Tarantino, 2010). The Southern Power and Light Case    Year Wind Turbines Bio Fuel Equipment 0 (971,840) (1,109,500) 1 320,000 350,000 ...

Issues in the law of tort - Free Essay Example

Introduction This scenario presents issues in the law of tort that arise in negligence, and there is the possibility of a defence to parts of the action, in remoteness. Firstly it must be established if a duty can be found from one party to another, as with no duty there can be no liability, which was an essential theme of Donoghue and Stevenson[1] Fred Fred would seem to the be tortfeasor in this incident. If so then had he sustained injury or loss he would be unable to recover in tort from anyone, unless he had comprehensive insurance but that would be a contractual issue. If Fred had suffered loss and if it were Jacky that was to blame for what happened and not Fred, perhaps because Jacky was negligently riding her horse in an aggressive manner then Fred could sue Jacky, but from the facts this scenario appears unlikely. Jacky As Jacky is qualified to instruct on horse riding, and as she runs her own stable, seemingly for that purpose, then it can be reasonably assumed that she is competent to instruct on matters of horse riding and that she will probably have liability insurance. This is important as a right of action against a person is of little use if they are not worth suing. The matter of whether she is insured will not impact on her potential liability but it will provide a substantial enough defendant for any claimants to pursue. Ben If Ben has a right of action then this will only take effect after his birth, and had he been still born then, having not been born alive, he would not have acquired a legal personality and no actio n on his behalf could have been taken in tort, although had the death in vitro been caused by a criminal act then potentially there could follow criminal liability for child destruction. Ben has been born alive and therefore he has acquired a legal personality and can sue in his own right using the provisions of the Congenital Disabilities (Civil Liabilities) Act 1976 which legislated the position at common law according to the decision in Burton[2]. In order to recover, Ben would have to prove causation in the normal fashion. Was it negligent of Jacky be out horse riding 5 months into her pregnancy? She is qualified and as a stables owner it could be supposed that she is experienced, but whether it is negligent of her to be riding at that stage of her pregnancy is a matter that would need to be established by reference to authoritative opinion, probably from the riding industry as regards the risks of an incident occurring at all, and also probably from the medical profession as regards the consequences of an accident should one befall her. Perhaps it was only negligent of her to be riding on the roads, albeit quiet ones? If Jacky has been negligent then does she owe a duty of care to her unborn child? The answer is yes, but this seems bizarre in that she will be liable to her unborn child upon its birth for lesser actions that she takes during pregnancy that cause it injury, but she will not be liable to anyone if she takes such drastic actions during pregnancy that result in her foetus dying; ie she has a legal abortion. Nevertheless, Ben is born and by s.2 of the 1976 Act she will be liable to him if his injury is the result of her negligence. If Benà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s injuries in vitro are the consequence not of Jackyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s negligence but of Fredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s then once he has been born he will have an action against Fred. It is settled law that a motorist owes a duty to whomever he encounters on the roads that he drives his mot or vehicle. Again, the authority is the Act of 1976 where at s.1(3) the rule that if the mother could sue for an injury resulting from the actions of another person but it is the unborn child that suffers the injury then upon birth the child can sue. Clearly Jacky is sufficiently proximate the Freed to sue if his actions were negligent and thus Ben can sue Fred directly upon his birth. Fred will have insurance as this is a legal requirement for motorists and thus Ben has a defendant worth suing in the insurer. s.1(7) may apply as it creates a rule where if the parent was partially responsible for the injury suffered by the unborn child then the amount recoverable by the child when it acquires the right to sue will be proportionately reduced by the percentage of responsibility borne by the parent. Was Jackyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s action in jumping her horse over the hedge negligent and if so was it negligent enough to attract blame? It is doubtful from the facts that this is so becaus e Jackyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s action is described as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"avoiding actionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. This necessarily implies that had she not done this then she and her horse may have been hit by Fredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s vehicle. There can be no liability for actions resulting from reasonably trying to avoid impending harm. Sue Sue will have an equal right of action in tort against Fred as Jacky has, being a person lawfully using the road that Fred has negligently driven down. However, Sue has both thrown herself from her horse and failed to earlier secure her helmet. She does not appear to have sustained a head injury and thus the unfastened helmet would not detract from her ability to recover, but can her having jumped do so on the basis of contributory negligence[3]? Again, as with Jacky, the actions of Sue appear to be a reasonable response to a threat of immediate danger and therefore there would not appear to be any way that the Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945 can operate to reduce her level of recovery for the personal injury she has suffered. Sueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s inexperience will not affect her ability to recover on the basis of contributory negligence as she was apparently taking a lesson from a qualifies instructor and is entitles to do what the instructor tells her, providing it does not result in her committing an offence or causing harm to another person. Bob Bobà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s loss is a pure economic loss, which ordinarily would; not be recoverable on the basis that it does not flow from a head of claim in its own right, such as personal injury etc. In the absence of a contract between Bob and Fred, which is unlikely as they are friends, for Bob to recover then he will have to rely on Fred having voluntarily assumed a duty toward him to get him to the airport on time à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" which sits well with the fact that that was the purpose of their journey. Under the Hedley Byrne[4] principle Bob will then b e able to recover the purchase price of his new airline ticket from Fred, or in reality Feedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s insurers. If a voluntary assumption of responsibility toward Bob cannot be established then Bob will have no recourse against Fred at all because his loss, as a pure economic one will be too remote from the harm caused by Fred. Bibliography Cooke J, 2005, The Law of Tort, 7th Edition, Pearson Hedley S, 2006, Tort, 5th Edition, OUP Rivlin G, 2006, Understanding the Law, 4th Edition, OUP Rogers, 2006, Winfield Jolowicz on Tort, 17th edition, Sweet and Maxwell Word count: 1243 Footnotes [1] [1932] AC 562 [2] Burton v Islington Health Authority [1993] QB 204 [3] Butterfield v Forrester (1809) 11 East 60 [4] Hedley Byrne Co Ltd. v Heller Partners Ltd [1964] AC 465; also White v Jones [1995] 1 All ER 691

The Function of Different Settings in A Dolls House and...

The Function of Different Settings in A Dolls House and Twelfth Night The setting comparison and deliberation in this essay is between Henric Ibsens A Dolls House and William Shakespeares Twelfth Night. A Dolls House deals with the social life and duty, the womans proper place and role within the family and the society. Twelfth Night is about illusion, deception, disguises, madness, and the extraordinary things that love will cause us to do and to see. The plot of the Twelfth Night takes place in Illyria, the unreal, fairy-land, the land of illusions and dreams. The beauty and the lighthearted atmosphere of Illyria influence the characters of the play. Orsino, Duke of Illyria, doesnt care about his†¦show more content†¦Only at the end of the third act the noticeable change in Noras behavior shows us the emancipation of women in the modern period, the change in their status and rights in the society. In both plays music is very important. Listening to the songs, Orsino enjoys the situation of being in love with Olivia. He doesnt realize that he is in love with love and not with her. This is why he needs music. It sustains and calms down his stormy emotions, helps him to overcome the pain of unshared love. In A Dolls house the Tarantella symbolizes Noras agitation at her struggle with Krogstad and with her husband. The piano with its black and white keys symbolizes the contrasts in the play (between Nora and Mrs. Linden, Nora and Torvald, changing in Noras behavior between the first and the third acts). Songs, tarantella, piano and the bell rings -- all together are designated to brake tension throughout the play. The doors are also the very important part of the setting in A Dolls House. They make an illusion of the more rooms in the house and give the ides of the positive and negative issues in the play. Nora enters and exits through the same door. This is a foreshadowing to the end of the third act, where she exits from the house and Torvalds life through the same door she has entered them before. When she goes to the door of Torvalds study and listens, it points to the gap in their relationship and to the lack

Your Referral Link

Dear Writers, Glad to announce the launch of new feature which will help you earn more money! From now on, if you bring a customer you get additional 15% above our bid. Bringing a customer means that the first time customer has opened our web-site, was by your referral link. From this time, whether customer will order from you, or another writer, you will always get a 15% bonus from his/her payment for the order. I hope this will motivate you more and make the job of freelance writer happier! You can comment on this blog having any questions regarding this feature. ThePensters.com Team

The Definition Of Science And Research Methods - 1189 Words

What is science? A brief elaboration of the definition of science and research methods INTRODUCTION Science is a complex activity, which may be defined in a number of ways. To unite both the process and the product of science, one way to define science is as a process of constructing predictive conceptual models (Gilbert, 1991). Gilbert (1991) states, when referring to Kuhn (1970, Lunetta Hofstein (1981), Miller (1978) and Stevens Collins (1980) that in essence, ‘’the definition of science includes virtually all of the products of science, is consistent with the expanded definition of models evident in the literature and unifies scientific fields which operate with diverse methodologies.’’ (p.73). With this statement, Gilbert†¦show more content†¦QUANTITATIVE VS. QUALITIVE RESEARCH The Oxford Dictionary defines research ‘’as a careful study of a subject, especially in order to discover new facts or information about it [..]’’. Research can be divided into qualitative and quantitative research. Many authors have elaborated about the qualitative-quantitative debate. Some different than the other, but not a lot of authors seem to prefer one method above the other. Many new articles come up promoting mix-method research where both methods are used simultaneously. Like many other authors, Hennink, Hutter Bailey (2011) elaborate in their book about the key differences between qualitative and quantitative research. This paper is based on, but not limited to, their findings. A characteristic of quantitative research is that it is based on positivism (Sale et al., 2002) in contrast to qualitative research that is based on interpretivism (Altheide Johnson, 1994; Kuzel Like, 1991; Secker et al., 1995) and constructivism (Guba Lincoln, 1994), which is a very clarifying explanation for the two terms. Quantitative research methods are based on one truth and leave no room for own interpretation, while qualitative research leave room for multiple realities and are open for interpretation (Sale et al., 2002). When doing a qualitative analysis you interpreted your data, oppose to doing a quantitative analysis, which is statistical. Regarding the

How Does The Word Relationship Someone Has With An Object...

The word relationship can be used in multiple ways, that all mean the same thing. Relationships can be two people who have feelings for each other be together, however it could also mean the relationship someone has with an object like a car. In both cases it is hard for one to be without the other, if someone is in a relationship with another person they will want to be with them and they will always be on their mind. With a car, the person will always be thinking and caring for the car as much as they would if they were in a relationship with another human. As one can see, they both can be used to describe different aspects of what one can care for. It will be interesting to see the results of the survey to see what other people tend to use the word for and how they think about the word as a whole. Seeing how people use the word and define it though a survey will be a great way to see how a group of individuals define the term. A mutual bond between, for example a human, or an inan imate can really bring out the person in us. The Oxford English Dictionary gives two examples that tend to mean the same thing however worded differently. One way the dictionary described a relationship is â€Å"The state or fact of being related; the way in which two things are connected; a connection, an association.† Which is entirely true, it doesn’t have to be about people, it can be about cells, buildings, anything really. Another definition that would be more popular and used moreShow MoreRelatedObsessive Compulsive Disorder ( Ocd )1679 Words   |  7 Pagesimpulse that the client attempts to avoid as completely as someone with a snake phobia avoids snakes† (as cited in Barlow, Durand Hofman, 2017). These avoidance behaviors are not easily controlled, persistent, and often very time consuming. 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Summative Reflection Management Free Sample

Question: 1. Demonstrate a critical understanding of the unique roles that health and social care professionals and providers have across a variety of care settings?2. Evaluate the importance of inter-professional collaborative working involving people, families and carers to achieve optimal care and service outcomes?3. Evaluate appropriate evidence based nursing interventions, in a variety of settings, to promote the person's maximum health potential and independence? Answer: The roles and the duties of the health care professionals are very crucial as they maintain the health of the common people and keeps them fit. It is very essential to evaluate the desired roles of the health care professionals. According to Gibbs reflective cycle, the principles of nursing can be, executed to provide better health care services to people. The six stages of Gibbs reflective cycle are: Description Feelings Evaluation Conclusion Action Analysis The MDT team in the meeting formed the group of members for the evaluation of the work. There were six people in the group two males and four females. A female was, admitted to the hospital and our responsibility was to take care of her health and make her cure. I was one of the adult nurses there, so I became the team leader. I guided the other members of the group to execute the work properly. The facilities provided, were quite satisfied that were applicable to the patient. Some of the important tools were require for the proper evaluation of the health of the patient. The roles were very suitable to everyone within the project. The good thing about the experience was the cooperation from the team members, they were helpful but the bas experience was that there was lack in some of the techniques for managing of the proper health of the patient. The two roles to nursing are to maintain the responsibility regarding the health care of the patient and to evaluate the proper treatment given to the concerned people. The health care professionals should take proper initiatives for the welfare of the people, as this would help people to get cure from their problems or the related issues. Collaborative working is very essential for the proper evaluation of the health of the people. From my point of view, I would like to implement new advanced methods that will help in executing the processes of proper nursing to the people especially to the patients. There are several types of the health care of the services as well as there are many of the different social care professionals help the people to keep themselves healthy and fit. Home care faculty and services are, provided by many of the social care facilities (Amatayakul and Amatayakul, 2009). Doctors are the main professionals that help in suggesting the best health care facilities to the common people for the evaluation of the proper health. GP is the local doctor available for taking care of the health of common pe ople. The crucial role for the professionals is the suitable amount of diagnosis related to the health issues of the people. The execution of the work carried out by the professionals should be, done well in time. There are many of the professionals related to the health care, which are available all over the country, so there should be, a variety of health clinics, which will help to suggest proper healthy diet and medicines for the illness of the common people (Darley et al., 2007). The role of the consultants is also very crucial for the proper evaluation of the health of the common people. They help to guide the people for their proper diet related to their health fitness (Brunner, Suddarth and Smeltzer, 2008). Doctors are very crucial as they suggest proper medicine after the completion of their diagnosis. Nurses are one of the major parts of the health care professionals that takes care of every movement of the patients. Their hard work, dedication to the patients is exception al. There was collaboration in the working styles of the people residing at their homes, especially the collaboration should be between the family members, as this will help to cure the patients as soon as possible. They perform a variety of roles in the evaluation of the health of the patients as well as the common people. The role of the health care professionals should be, properly understood. They need to support the patients relating to their illness as well as they should take proper care of them. Health care professionals need to support the community; services related to the reaching of the hospitals well in time should be, provided for the common people. Nursing is very important for the patients as it helps to suggest and evaluate proper health care facilities to the people. It is evident to know, that there are some of the basic and fundamental steps of nursing than people can try at their home also. The collaborative working styles of the common people at their homes wil l help to achieve the optimal care as well as the desired services required to cure the patients. Finally, the working together of the people as well as the health care professionals will help to bring out the best possible and positive results for the patients (Eyles, 2005). the duties of the people especially the roles of the health care professionals and the social health care professionals is to be executed properly as this would help in appropriate health care for the patients and for the common people. Proper training as well as desired skills is very important for the professionals, as this would help them in provisioning resolution to the patients and the common people who suffer from their illness. Proper diet is very crucial for reaching the maximum potential of health care services as well as desired facilities to the patients. The professionals related to the different health care servicers should promote better health care facilities for the people. There should be prom otion as well as development of the desired skills for the students so that they should understand their roles and responsibilities towards the patients. Adult nursing is very crucial for the evaluation and execution of proper health of the common people by the experienced professionals. Professional practice like an adult nursing was, executed between the team members for the establishment of the professional identity. There should be promotion for high order thinking skills related to the adult nursing (Heath and White, 2008). The development should be, related to the critical reflection on knowledge as well as on the desired experience of the professionals of the health care services. Practicing the desired skills of the adult nursing will help to enhance the work of the health care professionals (Heath, 2010). The social as well as economic issues related to the health care services of the people belonging to the community should be reduced, there should not be any of the diffic ulty for the people suffering from illness as complete nursing facilities should be, provided by the health care professionals to the people. The experience suggests that the role as well as the responsibilities of the health care professionals should be, properly understand and evaluated. There should be evaluation of the principles of the professional practice for the complete adult nursing for the welfare of the common people. Social and economic issues should be, reduced, as this would affect the health care, lifestyle and the welfare of the people. Thus, it should be, reduced up to a larger extent for the development of the proper health of the people residing within the community. People should experience the multi-professional work from the team (Hodgson and Kizior, 2010). Collaborative practice of working helps to enhance the health care of the common people and keeps them fit and healthy. Proper training related to the development of the skills for the nurses, the heath car e professionals are very crucial, and it should be, provided for the enhancement of the health of the people residing in the community. Opportunities should be, provided for the promotion of health and well-being of the respective patients. Doctors play a vital role in suggesting the proper diet to the people. They are the one who helps the patients top get complete free from the diseases after complete diagnosis of the diseases. People residing in the community should take advice from the doctors related to their health, as this would help them to keep themselves healthy as well as fit (Le Navenec and Bridges, 2005). Working together in groups, especially the collaboration helps to enhance the idea about the particular disease of the patients and thus, the discussion between the professionals of the health care will help the patients to get cure immediately (Nugent, Green and Hellmer Saul, 2012). The ability of the undresses as well as the professionals should be, properly enhanced by suitable methods of knowledge as well as by providing desired skills to make the patients fit and healthy (Schick and Windle, 2010). Thus, it is evident from the study of the chapter that adult nursing plays an important role in the curing of the patients from illness and as above-mentioned, there are some of the easier steps that could be, practiced by the people at their homes for maintaining a healthy and fit lifestyle. Thus, practicing should be, done by the health care professionals as well as by the nurses as this will help to enhance the desired skills of them. References Amatayakul, M. and Amatayakul, M. (2009).Electronic health records. Chicago, IL: American Health Information Management Association. Brunner, L., Suddarth, D. and Smeltzer, S. (2008).Brunner Suddarth's textbook of medical-surgical nursing. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Darley, S., Heath, W., Darley, M. and Cohen, G. (2007).The expressive arts activity book. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Eyles, M. (2005).Mosby's comprehensive review of practical nursing for the NCLEX-PN examination. St. Louis: Mosby. Heath, H. and White, I. (2008).The Challenge of Sexuality in Health Care. Chichester: John Wiley Sons. Heath, L. (2010).Engaging the community. Salisbury South, S.A.: Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment. Hodgson, B. and Kizior, R. (2010).Saunders nursing drug handbook 2010. St. Louis, Mo.: Saunders/Elsevier. Le Navenec, C. and Bridges, L. (2005).Creating connections between nursing care and the creative arts therapies. Springfield, Ill., U.S.A.: Charles C. Thomas Publisher. Nugent, P., Green, J. and Hellmer Saul, M. (2012).Mosby's comprehensive review of nursing for the NCLEX-RN examination. St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier/Mosby. Schick, L. and Windle, P. (2010).Perianesthesia nursing core curriculum. St. Louis, Mo.: Saunders. Appendix The MDT team in the meeting formed the group of members for the evaluation of the work. There were six people in the group two males and four females. The six stages of Gibbs reflective cycle are Description, Feelings, Evaluation, Conclusion, Action, and Analysis. A female was, admitted to the hospital and our responsibility was to take care of her health and make her cure. I was one of the adult nurses there, so I became the team leader. The execution of the work carried out by the professionals should be, done well in time. There are many of the professionals related to the health care, which are available all over the country, so there should be, a variety of health clinics, which will help to suggest proper healthy diet and medicines for the illness of the common people (Darley et al., 2007). The role of the consultants is also very crucial for the proper evaluation of the health of the common people. They help to guide the people for their proper diet related to their health fit ness (Brunner, Suddarth and Smeltzer, 2008).

Discussion on Grievance Strategy

Question: Give a brief discussion on grievance strategy. Answer: According to the title of American Disabilities Act, it prohibits the discrimination of disables in a work place (Lynch, 2013). In the case study, Nurse Mars has filed a complaint against the ill treatment that she receives from the mentor Nurse Saturn. It must be noted that Nurse Mars is quiet old and has been committed towards work since the time of joining. The recent grievance that has been raised is due to certain factors that have created a hostile environment for Nurse Mars to work further for the Work Place. Moreover, several appeals have been made by the victim to think of the situation and come to a reliable situation but none has proved fruitful. In this respect, it can be said that there is no such physical disability in Nurse Mars but it is due to increasing age, the health condition has declined. Although there is a problem of asthma that keeps troubling the nurse but that cannot be considered as one of the disabilities. If there are situations where the scenario can be modified and certain relief can be provide to Nurse Mars then, it should be allotted (Montgomery, 2014). In this case, it might be said that there is provision for doing duty in the day time apart from the night shift. Thus, Nurse Mars could easily be given the available other shifts as per convenience. Moreover, the working hours could also be reduced to certain extent. This could be the possible solution to the problem. Reference list: Lynch, H. (2013).Conflicts of conscience in health care. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Montgomery, J. (2014).Health care law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

The Fall of Tsarist Russia Essay Example

The Fall of Tsarist Russia Essay The Fall of Tsarist Russia, The Rise of the Soviet Union. â€Å"To the very end, through its inflexibility and ineptness, the autocracy had been the principal architect of its own downfall. -Christopher Read Russia, prior to the rise of the Communist powers, was a simple country, with the Romanov bloodline at its helm. The country, with its sprawling landmass and spread out population, was perhaps one of the least developed countries in Europe. Bruner) While the rest of the world changed and adapted post industrial revolution, Russia failed to play catch up, relying on its conservative leader, who preferred the old world rather than the developing. The modernization of Russia, with its vast territories simply could not be supported by an autocracy successfully. Though the seeds for industrial development were placed in heavy industry, the lack of social rights and liberties, as denied by the Tsars, kept the working class in an unacceptable level of poverty. Ramage) The sudden outbre ak of World War One provided a catalyst to effectively bring down the Tsarist rule of Russia, inspiring the rise of the Soviet Union . It is argued that had Russia retained from fighting in the First World War, the Bolsheviks would never been able to rise above and form the U. S. S. R. Tsarist Russia, already riddled with social and developmental problems had no capacity to take part in a global affair such as the First World War. Tsarist Russia, already in a frail state, was not prepared for fighting in the First World War. The Tsar, who relied on a superficial relationship with the people, managed to isolate himself further from the people then they were willing to follow. The war ravaged through Russia’s economy and resources causing constant unrest for the people. The originally strong spirited war effort had fallen into shambles, under incompetent leadership, causing loss of hope and trust in the government. Nicholas II, the ruler of Russia during the dawn of the 20th century, saw the end of autocratic rule and gave way to the spread of communism. The only thing keeping the country together was the superficial relationship the people had with the tsar. Nicholas the II failed to realize this, his first mistake being his isolation from the people. â€Å"By the end of 1916 the Court was virtually isolated from all educated society, from all the power elites in military, commercial, political and even governmental circles. † (Stavrou 37) â€Å"Nicholas II and  Alexandra  disliked St. Petersburg. Considering it too modern, they moved the family residence in 1895 from Anichkov Palace to Alexander Palace in Tsarskoe Selo, where they lived in seclusion. (Bruner) Removing himself and his family from one of the few developing cities in the country closed his mind, secluded him from the people, and provided a even larger gap between the working class and the ruling party. The Tsar often did not see what was happening on the streets of his cities, as he had secluded himself from them. â€Å"The conservative philosophy of the Tsar underlay all his actions, public or private; he continued to be unreceptive to any suggestion of changes that might limit his authority. † (Stavrou 8) â€Å"The first meeting of the  Duma  took place in May 1906. We will write a custom essay sample on The Fall of Tsarist Russia specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Fall of Tsarist Russia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Fall of Tsarist Russia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Several changes in the composition of the Duma had been changed since the publication of the  October Manifesto. Nicholas II  had also created a State Council, an upper chamber, of which he would nominate half its members. He also retained for himself the right to declare war, to control the  Orthodox Church  and to dissolve the Duma. The Tsar also had the power to appoint and dismiss ministers. At their first meeting, members of the  Duma  put forward a series of demands including the release of political prisoners, trade union rights and land reform. Nicholas II  rejected all these proposals and dissolved the Duma. †(Bruner) Nicholas was not willing to break years of tradition, and though superficially he provided the illusion that he was giving a voice to the people, in reality he made sure that he had the power to shut down any development that he did not like. The tsar created an image where he did not trust the people, and in return the people stopped trusting the tsar. The tsar had successfully jeopardized his rule and trust of the people, prior to the beginning of the Great War. In September 1915, Nicholas II assumed supreme command of the  Russian Army  fighting on the  Eastern Front. This linked him to the countrys military failures and during 1917 there was a strong decline support for the Tsar in Russia. †( Bruner) â€Å"The tensions brought about by the war, of five million dead or wounded, of the armys bread ration being cut by a third between December 1916 and February 1917, of the shortages of f ood in the towns, burst to the surface. †(Ramage) The military, already under a technological disadvantage, were suffering the worst casualties of the nations involved in the war. When the tsar took over the military all the blame for the Russian Armies failure landed on him. The people were furious at his inability to lead the country to victory, but worst of all, while the tsar was busy with the war effort he successfully neglected ironing out the infrastructural problems created by those before his rule. Russia of the early 20th century had no capability of fighting in the war. With the undeveloped infrastructure and industry being turned over for military production, resources were sparse, the country was too large and did not have a developed enough transportation system to successfully supply the war, shortage of food ravaged cities, the ever decreasing standard of living brought on the desire for revolution. â€Å"The clamor for rapid industrialization became more intensive. After the great military defeats of the spring and summer of 1915, the gap between resources and political ambition was wider than ever – not only in the view of immediate emergency, but for the long pull as well. (Stavrou 147) â€Å"Every shell that exploded on the battlefield helped to reduce the production of more shells back home in the munitions factories. In other words, the Russian economy could not support both war production and the railways, steel mills, factories, and mines that made war production possible (not to mention the continuing needs of the civilian sec tor of the economy, particularly of agriculture). † (Stavrou 146) The country did not have developed the resources required to run the country and the war together. Poverty levels climaxed and workers began to strike, in hope of reform. Not only was the country not prepared for the war, its economy still recovering, the standard of living worsened as the war went on. Crucial resources being sent to the war front caused strikes and hindered production on the home front; Tsarist Russia’s undeveloped rail system failed to provide Russia’s needs. â€Å"The inadequacy of railroads – which both directly and indirectly contributed significantly to the desperate food shortage, an essential factor in the revolution in February – and the comparable deficiency in industry, which undermined provision of military supplies and of urban facilities, were both symptoms of economic backwardness. (Stavrou 36) The infrastructure failed to transport enough resources causing inflation, starvation, and caused thousands of strikes. â€Å"In 1916 there were 1,284 strikes, involving 952,000 workers. Troops fired on strikers in Kosruma, and the swollen industrial workforce of Moscow and Petrograd became increasin gly susceptible to radical socialist agitation. † (Cawood, Bell 103) â€Å"On March 8, International Women’s Day, women textile workers in Petrograd’s Vuborg District joined those already on strike and poured into the streets demanding more bread. Other Petrograd workers soon joined them, and within two days more than 200,000 strikers, plus many students and other sympathizers, brought everyday life to a standstill. † (Moss 186) Tsarist Russia was ripping itself apart from the inside; the political bodies were unable to seize control of the people, while the military that was supposed to end the riots joined them instead. The focus on the war, and lack of political, social and economic reform brought Russia on its knees. The country needed change to survive. The Russian war-effort brought forth the downfall of Tsar Nicholas II. The campaign was not faring as well as the tsar had hoped, the large Russian army was up against a technologically advanced adversary, with causalities high and resources running out, the cities were ripe for revolution. â€Å"On 31st July, 1914, Sazonov advised the Tsar to order the mobilization of the  Russian Army  even though he knew it would lead to war with the  Germany  and  Austria-Hungary. † (Bruner) â€Å" World War 1, a war perceived by many Russians as a foreign imposition that did not serve Russia’s interests , evoked significant support among many nationally conscious Russians, as well as from the a-political peasantry exhausted by the travails of war. † (Prizel 183) The initial mobilization of the army, brought forth potential hope and patriotism, but as the war expanded, the causalities increased and the resources diminished, the people became restless, and open to new concepts and ideas, they were no longer aligned with the tsar, but with the country, they saw the tsar as a pest to the country. The unity of the nation produced at the beginning of an imperialist war is really only a mask. As war drags on, it exposes all that is rotten in society, sharpening all the social contradictions. † (Ramage) â€Å" the reasons for the Russian army’s defeat were not just to do with quantities of guns, men, resources and foodstuffs. The fact was that the old regime was incapable of waging a modern total war† (Cawood,Bell 126) The people had no initial desire to be part of the conflict, the superficial democratic systems placed by the tsar were over ruled by his desire for the expansion of Russia. The tsar united the cities and the country in order to maintain the war effort, but in doing so he had neglected to provide for the countries needs, uniting it against himself. † (Pearson 6) â€Å"Fifteen million, overwhelmingly peasants, were drafted into the army, where they faced a uniformity of misery which made them open to the ideas of the working class. By 1917 over 800,000 workers were concentrated in defence industries in Moscow, and 300,000 in Petrograd, mainly in huge factories employing thousands. In contrast with previous struggles in Russia, the cities and countryside were brought together in their determination to be done with Tsarist autocracy. † (Ramage) A crucial flaw of the tsar’s plan was unifying the Russian country and cities for the war effort, exerting all resources into the war, and creating havoc in the cities. By this time the Bolshevik takeover didn’t need to go to the streets, the streets had come to the Bolsheviks. The fate of the Tsarist rule of Russia was visible to everyone but the tsar and his family. The seeds of collapse were placed long before, with Russia’s inability to catch up economically, socially and politically. The tsar’s incapacity to maintain his image as the caring, paternal leader of the motherland, gave people reason to doubt and criticize him. Russia’s overall underdevelopment, riddled with economic, industrial and social nuisance, and most importantly the denial for adaption and improvement into the modern world by the Tsar crippled Russia chance when the war began. The military failures of the Red Army, under incapable leadership, a technological disadvantage and depleted resources called for a new system. Communism provided a bright light to the war-weary, exhausted and overworked people of Russia. The First World War provided the mechanism for the fall of a thousand year old empire, inspiring the rise of communism and one of the greatest social and political experiments.

Essay Samples For Financial Scholarships - A Brilliant Idea?

Essay Samples For Financial Scholarships - A Brilliant Idea?If you want to come up with an impressive scholarship application essay, you should look at essay samples for financial scholarships. Scholarships are awarded to the deserving students by federal and state governments. A student's academic performance is never a guarantee that he will get a scholarship; there are a number of factors that also have to be considered.There are many essay samples for financial scholarships online available. There are good ones as well as bad ones. The important thing to note is that your essays will be evaluated by the school administrators and selection committee members, which make it even more crucial to choose the right essay samples for financial scholarships.Proper use of grammar and spelling is the first and foremost thing that should be taken care of while writing a persuasive essay. Use the correct format of your essay when you compose it, avoid using the term 'your'my' in places where you would naturally replace it with 'they', the terms they and their will be considered ambiguous.The next thing that needs to be remembered is to make sure that the essay is written in a way that it can grab the attention of the reader without making them feel that you are unnecessarily vague on what you are going to say. Be very sure that you are not bringing yourself into the discussion because that would put your essay in danger of not being considered. Make sure that you do not write in such a way that your essay will appear trivial to anyone who reads it.The last but most important thing that you need to remember is that a winning essay must have a strong theme or topic. It is all too easy to slip into a completely different topic after getting a good deal of attention, so you should make sure that the theme of your essay is clear from the very beginning.Your essay should be able to grab the attention of the readers at any educational level. You should not rely just on high sc hool or college level for your essay; you must be able to write effectively at even elementary levels. One important point to remember is that an essay for financial scholarships is meant to promote your interests in life and to make yourself more knowledgeable and specialized in your subject.A scholarship essay is something that is expected of you to write because you want to promote yourself, while also helping others in the process. Keep these guidelines in mind and you will find yourself ready to write and submit an essay.

Free Essays on Singapore

Republic of Singapore History The Republic of Singapore was under British control from the early 1800’s until Britain made Singapore a separate crown colony in 1946. In 1959 Singapore had it’s own government, but Britain still responsible for it’s defense and foreign affairs. Singapore joined the Federation of Malaysia in 1963, which included Malaya, and the Borneo territories of Sabah, and Sarawak. This relationship between the members of he federation and Singapore soon dissolved due to political and economic differences with the rest of Malaysia. In turn Singapore withdrew from the federation and became a sovereign, democratic and independent nation. Independent Singapore was admitted into the United Nations on September 21, 1965. Singapore became a republic on December 22, 1965, with Yusof Bin Ishak as the republics first president. In 1967 the British government decided to withdraw its armed forces from Singapore by 1971. Singapore set out to build it’s own defense forces. The Singapore Armed Forces Training Institute was established in 1966 and compulsory national service was introduced in 1967. A Singapore Air Defense Command and a Singapore Maritime Command were set up in 1969. In August 1967, Singapore joined Indonesia, Malaysia, the Phili ppines and Thailand to form the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. With The Republics new independence there were new challenges. Singapore had to figure out how not only to survive, but also how to prosper on it’s own. What Singapore planned to do was take advantage of its strategic location and the favorable world economy. The new government set forth a plan for massive industrialization. In 1968 the Economic Development Board was developed. In 1970 the Monetary Authority of Singapore was established to formulate and implement Singapore’s monetary policies. These polices are very favorable to the financial industries such as Fleet’s. The Republic of Singapore is politi... Free Essays on Singapore Free Essays on Singapore Republic of Singapore History The Republic of Singapore was under British control from the early 1800’s until Britain made Singapore a separate crown colony in 1946. In 1959 Singapore had it’s own government, but Britain still responsible for it’s defense and foreign affairs. Singapore joined the Federation of Malaysia in 1963, which included Malaya, and the Borneo territories of Sabah, and Sarawak. This relationship between the members of he federation and Singapore soon dissolved due to political and economic differences with the rest of Malaysia. In turn Singapore withdrew from the federation and became a sovereign, democratic and independent nation. Independent Singapore was admitted into the United Nations on September 21, 1965. Singapore became a republic on December 22, 1965, with Yusof Bin Ishak as the republics first president. In 1967 the British government decided to withdraw its armed forces from Singapore by 1971. Singapore set out to build it’s own defense forces. The Singapore Armed Forces Training Institute was established in 1966 and compulsory national service was introduced in 1967. A Singapore Air Defense Command and a Singapore Maritime Command were set up in 1969. In August 1967, Singapore joined Indonesia, Malaysia, the Phili ppines and Thailand to form the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. With The Republics new independence there were new challenges. Singapore had to figure out how not only to survive, but also how to prosper on it’s own. What Singapore planned to do was take advantage of its strategic location and the favorable world economy. The new government set forth a plan for massive industrialization. In 1968 the Economic Development Board was developed. In 1970 the Monetary Authority of Singapore was established to formulate and implement Singapore’s monetary policies. These polices are very favorable to the financial industries such as Fleet’s. The Republic of Singapore is politi... Free Essays on Singapore As you may well know, Singapore is a social-democratic country. What this worked out to in terms of the economy would be a strong hand from the Government in terms of economic direction, infrastructural support and even participation in commerce and trade, but the spirit of free economy is still dominant. In practice, there had been instances of over-zealous managers exceeding the bounds of their responsibilities and giving rise to complains of government intervention or monopoly of certain sectors in the private sector. Such complaints are being reduced as both sides come to understand their symbiotic relationship and focus on their own activities. Let's look first at the role of the Government and then our role in the private sector THE ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT Economic and trade policies in Singapore are managed by the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI). It may be unknown to many in Singapore that MTI do more than just set trade and economic policies. It is an active participant in ensuring the economic competitiveness and business continuity of Singapore. We hope the following statements, taken from the home pages of MTI, would provide a better picture of the role of MTI and, through her various agencies, a better understanding of how MTI is assisting local businessmen get a bite of the world economy. Vision : for Singapore to become an advanced and globally competitive knowledge economy within the next decade, with manufacturing and services as its twin engines of growth. Management : Economic management is undertaken at the macro level to identify problems or opportunities, and to set broad growth directions and strategies....

Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy - Essay Example Among the concepts or theories are social exchange theory, operant conditioning, behavioral exchange theory and social learning theory. However, the central goal of Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy is to extinguish undesired behaviors while encourage positive behaviors that sustain healthy families. Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy has made significant contributions to the field of Family Therapy. One of the contributions relates to the concept of operant condition, where consequences govern and regulate behaviors. Families are systems made of structures and subsystems regulated by interrelationships. Different members have different behaviors and characters. Some of characters are bad and unwanted, and needs to be subject to control. Elaborate consequences for each negative behavior established by the highest authority in the family system are the main decelerators of the dysfunctional behaviors (Nichols, 2013). From that view, Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy provides therapist with idea that they should analyze effectiveness of consequences against particular negative behaviors. Another important contribution of Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy to the field of Family Therapy relates to introduction of Social Exchange Theory. According to Social Exchange Theory, human beings struggle to maximize rewards and reduce costs in relationships. Healthy families are those that mutually maximize rewards (Nichols, 2013). Unhealthy families on the other hand are those that members protect themselves from hurt to consider ways to please each other. This concept can help in efficient analysis and study of family systems and structure, and eventual identification of underlying problem to ease and shorten therapy process and time. Consideration of Behavioral Exchange Theory is another contribution of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to

Ethics of Stock Option Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics of Stock Option - Case Study Example The stock option was based on the company shares thus resulted in an increased urge to the executives to raise the stock’s price. Some of the executives chose foul ways of raising the stock prices such manipulating of companies financial statements, firing of employees and closing of plants to increase the company income. The executives thus looked for ways through which they could engineer the stock prices for their own benefits. The grant date for the stock option was also chosen by the executives which meant they could do it in a way that favors them; for instance when the market share price was lowest to benefit the recipients. Stock price manipulation also resulted in increased salary gap between the highly paid employees and the lowly paid employee in the company. During market downturn due to stock price manipulation, investors suffered as a result greedy character of the executives while the executives were being awarded for the failures of the company. (Raiborn, et al ., 2007). All these ethical issues of stock option handling needed to be looked upon for a moral reason. Due to the many shortcomings of the old ways through which stock options were handled, new changes were made that could reduce the unethical issues that arose and enhancing of doing the right things for the right reasons. The changes included new laws of reporting stock option grants within two days of issue, â€Å"synthetic† re-pricing and the indexing stock options. The changes had a great impact on the ethical issues as they enforced rational stock option awarding. (Raiborn, et al., 2007) Manipulation of the stock prices reduced and the employee received what they deserved. Even so, new ethical issues arose from the changes as the adoption of the Spring- Loading and Bullet-Dodging by some companies which benefited some of the participants of the company which was unethical. Stock option handling in the past raised some ethical issues. These were reduced by the recent changes even though more ethical issues arose.

Study skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Study skills - Essay Example Excessive swaying occurred as the number of people crossing the bridge grew. It was then decided to limit the number of people crossing it at a time. The problem of swaying, however, persisted. The swaying was severe enough for people on it to stop walking and hold on to the rails for support (Newland, David E). While the number of people on the bridge swelled, the bridge began to sway and twist in regular oscillations and the worst movement occurred on the central span where the deck was moving by up to 70mm. The engineers insisted the bridge would not fall down but people were left unnerved. Finally, the engineers closed the bridge completely when limiting the number of people failed to make any difference (Millennium Bridge (c), 2000). It was closed to public on 12 June 2000 for re-examination and remedial work. It was later re-opened on 27 February 2002 and now forms part of London’s many architectural marvels (Millennium Bridge (a)). The solution to this problem â€Å"involved installing dampers under the deck and between the deck and the river piers. This has provided an excellent solution as it does not detract from the aesthetic impact of the bridge as originally designed† (Millennium Bridge (e), London, 2007). The bridge is now used by thousands of people and cyclists every day. It is a key pedestrian link and is a simple concept that has achieved a simple form via a complex and innovative design. The bridge is accessible throughout the day. The nearest underground stations are Blackfriars or Mansion House on the Circle line as well as the District line. The bridge affords breathtaking view of panoramic London. The view of St. Paul’s Cathedral majestically towering over other structures is the major attraction. There is also the fresh, cool breeze that wafts onto all those walking across. One cannot help feeling a bit of elation at the crossover without any fear of bumping into some

Televisions Impact on Health :: Television Health Eating Essays

Television's Impact on Health In our society, television has become quite the vigorous activity. Sitting up is exhausting so most people lie down while watching television. If you were to eat at a fast food restaurant, and then head home for a bowl of ice cream for desert, oh, and then not to mention that bag of chips while you watch your favorite Reality TV series, you are asking for something that you are not going to be happy with. What is it that you are asking for? It is called obesity. I have found myself eating at McDonald’s on countless occasions. The reason I am not obese, however, is the fact you will only find me at a fast food restaurant when I am pressed for time and I am on my way to a three to four hour practice. Obesity has very little to do with what we eat because the true problem behind obesity is none other than the fact that our society does not do anything after eating unhealthily. In Europe, people eat seven to eight meals a day and somehow, the majority of Europeans look fantastic. There is a reason for this. After dinner, they do not sit down on the couch for the 1,000th episode of Fear Factor. Instead, they go out for a long walk around the park with their families. David Zinczenko’s, â€Å"Don’t Blame the Eater,† proposes a situation where there is nothing else to eat but fast food. He proves this by saying, â€Å"Drive down any thoroughfare in America, and I guarantee you’ll see one of our country’s 13,000 McDonald’s restaurants,† he explains, â€Å"Now drive back up the block and try to find someplace to buy a grapefruit.† It is true that this statement has much truth. I am sorry to say, sadly, that it has no legitimacy. It seems that Zinczenko is using diction that not only parents can understand, but one that the general public, including those that are uneducated can understand. He uses a variety of sentence structures to lure in his readers and to make his research appear striking. The most appealing part of his essay was the way he spoke in a first person perspective and gave hope to those obese teenagers by telling them that to lose the weight form eating at McDonald’s, they are going to need to join the Navy Reserves or a similar program.

Research proposal Essay

Roselle Jardin Ranario, DPA Research Adviser October 2013 ACKNOWLEDGMENT Thinking that this was impossible to achieve made us realize that everything would be possible especially with enough help and support from people around us. Not only motivating us but also helped us to pursue our goal. They gave us the courage to do good and guided all throughout. It is our pleasure to thank those who made this possible. To our Heavenly Father, for His divine providence and for giving us enough strength. To our families, for their moral and financial support especially during difficult times. To our very supportive adviser, Dr. Roselle Jardin-Ronario, DPA for giving us words of wisdom and guiding us all throughout. Thank you also for the patience and encouragements. TABLE OF CONTENTS TitlePage Number INTRODUCTION Rationale4 Theoretical Background7 Statement of the Problem13 Significance of the Study14 RELATED LITERATURE15 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY22 Research Design Research Environment Research Respondents Research Instrument Selected based on the performance Data Gathering Procedures23 Treatment of Data DEFINITION OF TERMS24 BIBLIOGRAPHY25 APPENDICES28 CURRICULUM VITAE29 Introduction Rationale The love and eagerness to know is the beginning of a beautiful journey towards learning. The moment we want to know about any concept, we tend to  develop attachment towards it. By then, we would like to learn more about the concept and would do anything to know better. Statistically, Mathematics has been the academic subject that has presented the greatest challenge to many students. Many researchers suggest that difficulties in learning mathematics begin as early as pre-school. They argue that inadequate knowledge and ineffective teaching by some teachers plant the seed for future complications in the mathematics classroom. In an effort to address the challenge of poor academic performance in math, there is an abundant amount of literature and research on improvement in methods of math instruction. Since then, teachers are trying to utilize their creativity and initiative to grasp more strategies on how to develop the mathematical ability of learners effectively. The students start to dislike math because they do not understand. It builds up each grade level to the point that they hate it because they have difficulty in learning. The learners were not able to master the competency that they need to master each grade level. And because of this, learners develop attitude and anxiety towards math. Computer assisted instruction being used by many Asian countries in school especially in teaching math subject is of great help for both teachers and students. This can help learners understand well the concept of numbers, symbols, and objects through clear visual, accurate, and fast learning process and develop more of their mathematical ability. Through this, learners are now more confident to learn math and learning is more effective when teaching-learning method is incorporated with both verbal and visual entity with the use of computer assisted instruction. This concern draws an interest to the researchers to know the Asian people’s math attitudes and anxieties in computer assisted instructions. The researchers attempt to help the learners to appreciate math more and with it, they will be able to start learning math better. In the long run, the learners will be able to develop their mathematical ability and be able to make use of it on their future chosen field. With the findings, the  researchers may also be able to relate it to the math learners since the researchers themselves are also a math instructor in one of the schools in Asia. The researchers may come up with effective strategies in the teaching-learning environment with the learners to improve their math performance. Theoretical Background This study is anchored by these two theories; Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory and Vygotsky’s Social Constructivist Theory. Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory is composed of four processes of goal realization: self-observation, self-evaluation, self-reaction and self-efficacy. These components are interrelated, each having an effect on motivation and goal attainment (Redmond, 2010). Self-observation–Observing oneself can inform and motivate. It can be used to assess one’s progress toward goal attainment as well as motivate behavioral changes. There are two important factors with regards to self-observation: regularity and proximity. Regularity means the behavior should be continually observed, whereas proximity means the behavior should be observed while it occurs, or shortly after. Alone, self-observation is insufficient because motivation depends on one’s expectations of outcomes and efficacy (Zimmerman & Schunk, 2001). Self-evaluation– Self-evaluation compares an individual’s current performance with a desired performance or goal. It is affected by the standards set and the importance of the goals. Goals must be specific and important; therefore, goals such as, â€Å"do your best† are vague and will not motivate. Schunk and Zimmerman (1994) state that â€Å"specific goals specify the amount of effort required for success and boost self-efficacy because progress is easy to gauge.† If one has little regard for his goal he will not evaluate performance. There are two types of self-evaluation standards: absolute and normative. For example, a grading scale would be an example of a fixed or absolute standard. A social comparison such as evaluating one’s behavior or performance against other individuals is an example of a normative standard  (Zimmerman &Schunk, 2001). People gain satisfaction when they achieve goals that they value. When individuals achieve these valued goals, they are more likely to continue to exert a high level of effort, since sub-standard performance will no longer provide satisfaction (Bandura, 1989). Self-reaction– Reactions to one’s performance can be motivating. If the progress made is deemed acceptable, then one will have a feeling of self-efficacy with regard to continuing, and will be motivated towards the achievement of their goal. A negative self-evaluation might also be motivating in that one may desire to work harder provided that they consider the goal to be valuable. Self-reaction also allows a person to re-evaluate their goals in conjunction with their attainments (Bandura, 1989). If a person has achieved a goal, they are likely to re-evaluate and raise the standard (goal); whereas, if a person has not achieved the goal, they are likely to re-evaluate and lower the standard (goal) to an achievable goal. Self-efficacy– One’s belief in the likelihood of goal completion can be motivating in itself (Van der Bijl&Shortridge-Baggett, 2002). â€Å"Self-efficacy refers to people’s judgements about their capability to perform particular tasks. Task-related self-efficacy increases the effort and persistence towards challenging tasks; therefore, increasing the likelihood that they will be completed† (Barling & Beattie, 1983, as cited in Axtell & Parker, 2003, p. 114). Vygotsky (as cited by Whitcomb, 2002) stresses that cognitive development is a social activity. â€Å"Every function in the child’s cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological).† Adolescents develop their own thoughts and attitudes through social interaction and communication with peers and other members of society. (Rogoff, et al, 2007). They can also learn by observing the activities and interactions of others in a social setting. Adolescent students must have access to a more knowledgeable person or persons with whom they can communicate and interact socially. Realizing this will help keep teachers aware of just how meaningful their interactions and attitudes  are to a student, and how what they say and do can influence a student. Depending on the social context of the classroom, a student may benefit from being able to interact freely and socially with other students as they learn. The teacher may be socially less approachable in the classroom context. A ten year study at Harvard (Crouch, & Mazur, 2001) showed that most students learn more from group learning activities than they do studying alone or listening to the teacher dispense information. When students are required to explain their ideas to their peers in a dialogue, rather than recite whatever â€Å"correct† explanation the teacher has told them, they more fully engage their minds, using their own cultural tools and opening their own personal beliefs to eventual modification. Vygotsky’s important notion state that students learn most effectively when they are given tasks which are a little too difficult for an individual to accomplish alone but can be mastered through social cooperation, is called teaching in the students’ Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). What he means is that if the lessons and tasks given to a student are not close enough â€Å"proximal† to what the student finds challenging, then the student will not develop. Trivial exercises result in mostly boredom and little to no cognitive development. On the other end of the spectrum, if a task is too difficult for students, even when they can work together, then they will simply fail at it and also achieve little development. So there is an optimal zone, or â€Å"magic middle†, where students are challenged, but can cooperate socially to increase their mastery of the task. Such a task is said to be within the ZPD. The concept of a ZPD can also be applied to the way adolescents think and develop. Most adolescents want to develop into adults and join adult society, perhaps to be free from their diminished status below the adults within society, particularly in our culture. If we consider that operating within the ZPD is the most efficient way to develop the cognitive and social functions of an adult, then it is only natural that adolescents tend to form groups of their peers and then attempt to understand and imitate adult social and cultural behaviors. The ZPD is very strongly evidenced by classroom studies. A study at the University of Illinois (Wenning, & Wenning, 2006) on the implementation of new inquiry-based lab activities, which are more challenging and more work for  both students and instructors, found that these new and difficult activities must be introduced gradually. The research group achieved great success when they began the course with lab activities that were the easiest to understand within the pre-existing scaffolding (in this case, their educational background) and within the students’ ZPD. As the course progressed, the lab activities became increasingly complex, but the students continued to succeed and increased their skills and understanding. By working within their ZPD, they were able to shift it ever higher and achieve mastery, just as Vygotsky would have predicted. When I become a physics teacher, I know I will have to use this same approach: First I will have to investigate and identify my students’ ZPD, as they did in the Illinois study.(Wenning, & Wenning, 2006). Statement of the Problem This study aims to examine the relationship of Math attitude and anxiety of students in computer assisted instruction across Asian countries. Specifically, this study aims to know the following: 1. What is the Math attitude of the learners across Asian countries? 2. What are the levels of Math anxiety of the learners across Asian countries? 3. What are the types of computer assisted instruction in Math across Asian countries? 4. What are the effects of computer assisted instruction in Math attitude of the learners? 5. What are the effects of computer assisted instruction to the levels of Math anxiety of learners? Significance of the Study The results of this research study categorically benefited from many sectors of the educational institutions by providing information on the results of the performance in terms of students’ language achievement that will enable the teachers to know the students’ areas of difficulty and strength, thereby guiding them in reconstructing their program of teaching to suit their needs. Among the persons who will be directly or indirectly benefited are the following: To the principal concerned, the results of this research  study may give her insights which would encourage her to plan projects designed to improve the quality of language teaching in the public school like Minglanilla National Science High School as the lead school of all public secondary schools in the Municipality of Minglanilla, Cebu Province. The district coordinator in English of the Municipality of Minglanilla as a researcher will benefit from the experimental study for future references. He has been pro vided with the data and information necessary for his experimental analysis utilizing the macro-skills’ learning performance intended for High School students, particularly in science classes. This will help the English teachers in Science High School realize in order for them to understand the new approaches in teaching and to be able to use the techniques and procedures effectively. Thus, it is necessary to bring their training up-to-date. They should as well encourage independent thinking and free communication of notions among the students concerned using the tools of expressions acquired in English class because this is the eventual aim of language teaching. To the first year teachers assigned to teach pilot classes as formative years in first year, it may enable them to realize that they should understand evaluation and procedures with emphasis on experimental viewpoints and learning approaches not only them as teachers but also their students so they can integrate with their own teaching and testing. More significantly, they will realize that in fairness to their students, they should test what they really teach. The secondary freshmen as student entrants of Minglanilla National Science High School will further ameliorate their savvy based on the structured lessons and differ mentally according to the departmentalized lessons, advanced lessons presented, and general learning performance based also on their intellectual aspects of learning. It will enable the students in general to grasp at the innovative teaching-learning approaches shared with them not only by the teachers but also by the freshmen pilot classes in terms of the four (4) areas of English language teaching, namely, listening, speaking, reading and writing as sequenced in the lessons. Finally, the learning institution should initiate and institute a re-training program for the students as the training ground for them to go for the next higher level. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The learning of mathematics is affected by the confidence of learners in their mathematical abilitiesand the attitudes, beliefs, and feelings they harbour towards mathematics (Coben, 2003 as cited by Kerlinger 2004). Their conceptions of the subject and their perceptions of themselves and of their relationship to mathematics lie at the heart of their mathematics learning behaviour (Philippou & Christou, 1998). For fear of embarrassment, many adults go to great lengths to avoid admitting that they experience reading difficulties, yet it appears to be normal, even acceptable, in modern life to readily admit to a dislike and misunderstanding of mathematics. Sewell (1981) suggested that at least half the population, including many with high mathematical qualifications, had negative attitudes to mathematics, ranging from lack of confidence to anxiety and even fear. According to Bandura’s sociocognitive theory, student’s motivation is a construct that is built out of individual learning activities and experiences, and it varies from one situation or context to another as cited by Pantzaira & Philippou, 2007. Schereiber (2000) said that those who have positive attitudes towards Mathematics have better performance in Mathematics. Latterell (2008) writes in her book about the â€Å"Math Wars† that â€Å"Japanese people believe in gambae. Gambae means that one is successful if one works hard enough to be successful. One’s attitude and behavior must match the belief that hard work leads to success† (p. 126). Considering the results of the TIMSS, American students are no competition for Japanese students in mathematics. Japanese and other Asian students consistently outperform American students in mathematics (Latterell, 2008) and innumeracy. â€Å"Those with low mathematical abilities are likely to have more negative attitudes toward the subject and less inclination to make the effort to improve their mathematical abilities† (p. 212). Hammerman and Goldberg (2003) also state that to become successful in mathematics requires a positive attitude and belief in one’s ability to succeed. The factors affecting mathematics anxiety were mathematics achievement,  attitude toward mathematics, trait anxiety, and debilitating anxiety.^ Mathematics attitude, mathematics achievement, field indepedence, and the anxiety measures were found to be significant predictors of level of mathematics anxiety. Math anxiety is a real problem facing students, teachers, and parents. Teachers and parents that are afraid of mathematics pass that on to their students and children (Furner & Duffy, 2002). Students who have math anxiety face real and long-lasting consequences. Ashcraft and Kirk (2001) describe the common belief that because of â€Å"long-term avoidance of math, and their lesser mastery of the math that couldn’t be avoided, high-math-anxiety individuals are simply less competent at doing math† (p. 224). Extensive literature demonstrates that anxiety, stress, lack of confidence, and phobic reactions in the face of mathematical problems are exhibited in most modern cultures (Macrae, 2003), and math- anxiety is commonly characterized by feelings of tension, apprehension, or fear that impacts on mathematical performance (Ashcraft, 2002). It is associated with loss of self-esteem in confronting a mathematical situation (Acelajado, 2004), negative reactions to mathematical concepts and evaluation procedures, and with many constructs including working memory, age, gender, self-efficacy, and mathematics attitudes (Cates & Rhymer, 2003). Students faced with the dual burdens of intractable content and math-anxiety a posteriori tend to have weak or negative mathematics self-efficacy beliefs. Bandura (1986) defined self-efficacy beliefs as â€Å"people’s judgements of their capabilities to organize and execute courses of action required to attain designated types of performances† as cited by Chiu 2009. Self-efficacy beliefs are a better predictor of success than an inventory of skills or prior achievements, and relationships have been found between self-efficacy for solving mathematics problems and mathanxiety, mathematics attitudes, general mental ability, mathematics self-concept, and mathematics experience (Finney & Schraw, 2003). Yà ¼ksel-Åžahin (2008) said that Mathematics anxiety has to do with a sense of discomfort while required to work on mathematical problems (Hadfield &  Trujillo, 1999; Ma, 2003). Low grades or failure in mathematics could also lead to mathematics anxiety or exasperate students’ existing levels of anxiety for mathematics (Ma & Xu, 2004; Norwood, 1994; Reynolds, 2001; Satake & Amato, 1995; Townsend, Moore, Tuck, & Wilton, 1998). Failure in mathematics, fear and anxiety about it could cause extreme feelings of dislike about mathematics. Indeed, Hopko et.al. (2003) observed that persons with mathematics anxiety make more mistakes in dealing with mathematics problems. Poor performance in mathematics has been linked to an increase in mathematics anxiety (Furner & Duffy, 2002; Hopko et.al., 2003). Megan R. Smith (2004) said that Math anxiety is a real problem facing students and teachers today. The mathematics teacher especially needs to understand the causes and effects of math anxiety as well as ways to help students overcome it. There are many symptoms of math anxiety including an unwillingness to attempt mathematics problems, a fear of taking advanced mathematics classes, and being unusually nervous when in mathematics class. Math anxiety hinders students’ working memory (Perina, 2002). It occurs at different ages in different people for different reasons. The main cause of math anxiety is the teacher himself It has been shown that students tend to internalize their instructor’s interest in and enthusiasm for teaching math (Jackson and Leffingwell, 1999). It is imperative when teaching mathematics that the teacher progresses from simple problems to complex ones (Schwartz, 2000). The students also need to have support systems in mathematics, whether this comes from their parents at home or with other students at school (Schwartz, 2000). The greatest prevention of math anxiety is the teacher himself. As stated before, the teacher needs to have a positive attitude when in class and needs to be willing to help students. The teacher must believe in the students even when they do not believe in themselves. Math anxiety is a real problem facing students, teachers, and parents. Teachers and parents that are afraid of mathematics pass that on to their students and children (Furner & Duffy, 2002). Students who have math anxiety  face real and long-lasting consequences. Ashcraft and Kirk (2001) describe the common belief that because of â€Å"long-term avoidance of math, and their lesser mastery of the math that couldn’t be avoided, high-math-anxiety individuals are simply less competent at doing math† (p. 224). Indeed, Hopko et.al. (2003) observed that persons with mathematics anxiety make more mistakes in dealing with mathematics problems. Such mistakes lead to lower grades in mathematics which in turn increases anxiety about math. Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) is a narrower term and most often refers to drill-and-practice, tutorial, or simulation activities. Computer based tools and applications are used to assist the teacher or school administrator in the management of the learner and instructional process. Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) A self-learning technique, usually offline/online, involving interaction of the student with programmed instructional materials. Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is an interactive instructional technique whereby a computer is used to present the instructional material and monitor the learning that takes place. Computer – based instruction is a remediation or instruction presented on a computer according to the American Institute of Research, 2004. Johnson (2000) said that the computer opens a wide range of resources. When correctly used, they give learners a different level of experience and bring new style and height of analysis in the classroom. In the Philippines, the Department of Education is in the final stage of completing the five – year Information and Communication Technology for Education Strategies Plan as Lapus (2008) puts it. Computer – based instruction is a remediation or instruction presented on a computer, the American Institute of Research (2004) reiterated. CAI is also known as Computer Assisted Instruction. Examples of CAI applications include guided drill and practice exercises, computer visualization of complex objects, and computer-facilitated communication between learners and teachers. CAI can dramatically increase a learner’s  access to information. The program can adapt to the abilities and preferences of the individual student and increase the amount of personalized instruction a student receives. Many students benefit from the immediate responsiveness of computer interactions and appreciate the self-paced and private learning environment. Moreover, computer-learning experiences often engage the interest of students motivate them to learn and increase independence and personal responsibility for education (Microsoft Encarta, 2008 as cited by Vibar et. Al, 2010). As mentioned by Hergenhahn and Olson (1997) Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) motivates students to learn in ways that traditional instruction may not by providing immediate feedback, personal attention, exciting visual displays, and a game-like atmosphere. In fact, students are often so motivated by CAI that depriving them of their turn with the computer acts as punishment, and giving them additional time with the computer that acts as re-enforcement. Research Methodology Research Design This study will employ quantitative approach of data analysis and presentation. It utilizes descriptive correlation method of deriving data from 4 different Asian countries namely: Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Philippines. Research Respondents The respondents of the study will be selected using data mining technique. The 4 Southeast Asian countries including Philippines are among the many that joined the Trends In Mathematics and Science Survey and based on the records, among the Southeast Asian countries, only four joined namely, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Philippines based on the 2003 TIMSS records. Research Environment The research will be conducted within the Four Southeast Asian Countries namely: Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Philippines. Research Instrument For the empirical phase of the study, the researchers will make use of the record sheet based from the Trends In Mathematics and Science Survey (TIMSS 2003). Research Procedures Gathering of Data Academic performance will be downloaded from Trends In Mathematics and Science Survey (TIMSS 2003). Through data mining technique, fou different South East Asian countries will be selected based on their performance in Math. Treatment of Data The cluster sampling will be utilized to identify the four South East Asian Countries and Pearson r correlation coefficient will help determine the relationship between Math anxiety and Math Attitude. DEFINITION OF TERMS For a better and clearer understanding of this study, the following terms are operationally defined in the context of this investigation. Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) refers to the method of teaching that uses computers to interact with students in the teaching-learning process. Math Anxiety refers to the feeling of tension or fear in Math. Math Attitude refers to the behavior towards Math TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE STUDY (TIMSS) international assessment of the mathematics and science knowledge of students from different grade levels across countries. DATA MINING TECHNIQUE getting information from a data set and makes it understandable for further use. BIBLIOGRAPHY Crouch, C. H., & Mazur, E. (2001). Peer Instruction: Ten years of experience and results. American Journal of Physics, 69(9), 970-977. (Peer Instruction and Inquiry)doi:10.1119/1.1374249 Daniels, H. (2007). Pedagogy. In H. Daniels, J. Wertsch, & M. Cole (Eds.), The Cambridge companion to Vygotsky. New York: Cambridge University Press. Dilber, R., Karaman, I., & Duzgun, B. (2009). High school students’ understanding of projectile motion concepts. Educational Research and Evaluation, 15(3), 203-222. Ibrahim, B., Buffler, A., & Lubben, F. (2009). Profiles of Freshman Physics Students’ Views on the Nature of Science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 46(3), 248–264. Mason, A., & Singh, C. (2010). Helping students learn effective problem solving strategies by reflecting with peers. American Journal of Physics, 78(7), 748-754. Rogoff, B., Moore, L., Najafi, B., Dexter, A., Correa-Chavez, M., & Solis J. (2007). Children’s development of culture repertoires through participation in everyday routines and practices. In J. E. Grusec & P. D. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization. New York: Guilford. Pachler, Norbert, Center of Excellence for Work-based Learning for Education Professionals, Dept. of learning, Curriculum & Communication, Institute of Education, University of London. 2004. Using fuzzy statistics to determine Mathematics Attitude and Anxiety, Necla Turanli (2013), Middle East Journal of Scientific Research 13 (4): 568-572, IDOSCI Publications. Megan R. Smith. (2004). Math Anxiety: Causes, Effects, and Preventative Measures. Internet Sources glwhitcomb.iweb.bsu.edu Tago et al, Mobile Learning, Challenges and Potentials. www.inderscience.comfilter.php http://www.edpubs.org. PatrickGonzales (2004). Highlights from the Trends in International Mathematics and Science study (TIMSS) 2003. Chris.klinger@flinders.edu.au http://www.icmeorganizers.dk/tsg15/ APPENDIX E BUDGET SUMMARY 1. Supplies: Drawing book P 46.00 Clear FolderP 16.00 Cost of Services: a. Print out P 30.00 Total P 76.00 Prepared by: ARMESTIDES M. BARGAYO VI RESEARCH TEAM TREASURER Curriculum Vitae PERSONAL DATA Name:Odessa M. Bonjoc – Avenido Address:Luyang, Carmen, Cebu Birthday:November 15, 1983 Civil Status:Married Sex:Female Age:29 Spouse:Ariel B. Avenido EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Elementary: Luyang Elementary School Year Graduated: 1996 Secondary: Cebu Academy Year Graduated: 2000 Tertiary: University of the Visayas – Main Campus Year Graduated: 2004 Course: Bachelor in Elementary Education – Area in Mathematics Graduate Studies: Cebu Normal University Graduated: Present Course: Master of Arts in Education – Major in ELT Employment Record: Position: Teacher 2 Designation:ICT Teacher School: Luyang Elementary School – DepEd Province PERSONAL DATA Name: Armestides M. Bargayo VI Address: Lower Pakigne, Minglanilla, Cebu Birthday: October 22, 1981 Civil Status: Single Sex: Male Age: 31 years old EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Elementary: Minglanilla Central School Year Graduated: 1994 High School: Immaculate Heart of Mary Academy Year Graduated: 1998 College: University of San Carlos Year Graduated: 2002 Course: Bachelor in Secondary Education major in Math Graduate Studies: Cebu Normal University Year Graduated: Present Course: Master of Arts in Education major in Math Employment Record: Position: Math Teacher School: University of Cebu – Main Campus PERSONAL DATA Name: Jun Antoinette Z. Navaja Address: 4- E Gorordo Avenue, Kamputhaw, Cebu City Birthday: January 27, 1988 Civil Status: Single Sex: Female Age: 25 years old EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Elementary: Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepcion Year Graduated: 2001 High School: Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepcion Year Graduated: 2005 College: University of San Carlos Year Graduated: 2009 Course: Bachelor of Education major in Special Education Graduate Studies: Cebu Normal University Year Graduated: Present Course: Master of Arts in Education major Special Education- Mental Retardation Employment Record: Position: Substitute Teacher School: Barrio Luz Elementary School, DepEd Cebu PERSONAL DATA Name: Angelie Lopez Senarosa Address: Catmaran, Basak, Compostela, Cebu Birthday: April 25, 1982 Civil Status:Single Sex: Female Age: 31 years old EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Elementary: Panangban Elementary School Year Graduated: 2000 High School: Compostela National High School Year Graduated: 2003 College: Cebu Normal University Year Graduated: 2007 Course: Bachelor in Secondary Education major in Math Graduate Studies: Cebu Normal University Year Graduated: Present Course: Master of Arts in Education major in Math Employment Record: Position: Math Teacher School: Mulao National High School, DepEd Cebu